{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1777115286960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increased risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in extremely preterm infants is well-documented. Better understanding of perinatal risk factors, particularly those that are modifiable, can inform prevention efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined data from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns (ELGAN) Study. Participants were screened for ADHD at age 10 with the Child Symptom Inventory-4 (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 734) and assessed at age 15 with a structured diagnostic interview (MINI-KID) to evaluate for the diagnosis of ADHD (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 575). We studied associations of pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI), pregestational and\/or gestational diabetes, maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) with 10-year and 15-year ADHD outcomes. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression models with robust error variance, adjusted for maternal age, maternal educational status, use of food stamps, public insurance status, marital status at birth, and family history of ADHD. We defined ADHD as a positive screen on the CSI-4 at age 10 and\/or meeting DSM-5 criteria at age 15 on the MINI-KID. We evaluated the robustness of the associations to broadening or restricting the definition of ADHD. We limited the analysis to individuals with IQ \u2265 70 to decrease confounding by cognitive functioning. We evaluated interactions between maternal BMI and diabetes status. We assessed for mediation of risk increase by alterations in inflammatory or neurotrophic protein levels in the first week of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated maternal BMI and maternal diabetes were each associated with a 55\u201365% increase in risk of ADHD, with evidence of both additive and multiplicative interactions between the two exposures. MSDP and HDP were not associated with the risk of ADHD outcomes. There was some evidence for association of ADHD outcomes with high levels of inflammatory proteins or moderate levels of neurotrophic proteins, but there was no evidence that these mediated the risk associated with maternal BMI or diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contrary to previous population-based studies, MSDP and HDP did not predict ADHD outcomes in this extremely preterm cohort, but elevated maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal diabetes, and perinatal inflammatory markers were associated with increased risk of ADHD at age 10 and\/or 15, with positive interaction between pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.911098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T05:29:43Z","timestamp":1666243783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association of prenatal modifiable risk factors with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder outcomes at age 10 and 15 in an extremely low gestational age cohort"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean A.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isha","family":"Jalnapurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle R.","family":"Roell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Hudson P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl C. K.","family":"Kuban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Michael","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.12.009","article-title":"The effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes.","volume":"50","author":"Agrawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prevent. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2019.09.014","article-title":"Oxidative stress in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia.","volume":"18","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Preg. Hypert."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00408-5","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine exposure modifies behavior of mice through early development.","volume":"59","author":"Ajarem","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1801","article-title":"Diabetes trends among delivery hospitalizations in the U.S., 1994-2004.","volume":"33","author":"Albrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9742-9","article-title":"Systemic inflammation during the first postnatal month and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder characteristics among 10 year-old children born extremely preterm.","volume":"12","author":"Allred","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000104","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7412.1000104","article-title":"Epigenetics in developmental disorder: ADHD and endophenotypes.","volume":"2","author":"Archer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Genet. Syndr. gene Ther."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpa.2021.100147","article-title":"InteractionR: An R package for full reporting of effect modification and interaction.","volume":"10","author":"Babatunde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Softw. Impacts"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02290-4","article-title":"Preeclampsia and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: Potential Pathogenic Roles for Inflammation and Oxidative Stress?.","volume":"58","author":"Barron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.09.006","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in the first 2 weeks after birth as a determinant of physical growth outcomes in hospitalized infants with extremely low gestational age.","volume":"240","author":"Belfort","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2012.699421","article-title":"ADHD and factor analysis: are there really three distinct subtypes of ADHD?.","volume":"1","author":"Bernfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-144014","article-title":"Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for brain inflammation and behavior of offspring.","volume":"24","author":"Bilbo","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4206-6","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and adverse perinatal outcomes from 716,152 births in France in 2012.","volume":"60","author":"Billionnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.002","article-title":"Oxidant status in maternal and cord plasma and placental tissue in gestational diabetes.","volume":"27","author":"Biri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.3\/jbolton","article-title":"Developmental programming of brain and behavior by perinatal diet: focus on inflammatory mechanisms.","volume":"16","author":"Bolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dial. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.063","article-title":"Chronic maternal hyperglycemia induced during mid-pregnancy in rats increases RAGE expression, augments hippocampal excitability, and alters behavior of the offspring.","volume":"303","author":"Chandna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14893","article-title":"Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Develop. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6","article-title":"Ten-year review of rating scales. V: scales assessing attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"42","author":"Collett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0293-z","article-title":"Duration of systemic inflammation in the first postnatal month among infants born before the 28th week of gestation.","volume":"39","author":"Dammann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq381","article-title":"Estimates of nondisclosure of cigarette smoking among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States.","volume":"173","author":"Dietz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.150844","article-title":"The effects of diabetes on male fertility and epigenetic regulation during spermatogenesis.","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.12.010","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: A meta-analysis.","volume":"76","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduct. Toxicol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000072","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy and offspring externalizing problems: an exploration of genetic and environmental confounds.","volume":"20","author":"D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Develop. Psychopathol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F299","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313987","article-title":"Stability of general cognition in children born extremely preterm as they grow older: good or bad news?.","volume":"103","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh. Fetal Neonatal Edit."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02150-4","article-title":"CpG methylation patterns in placenta and neonatal blood are differentially associated with neonatal inflammation.","author":"Eaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.34215","article-title":"The pathophysiology of the fetus of the diabetic mother.","volume":"26","author":"Eidelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.07.061","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and regional brain volumes in preterm infants.","volume":"156","author":"Ekblad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B29","author":"Elliott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Differential Abilities Scales: Administration and Scoring Manual."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"55","author":"Erskine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12313","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in the extremely low gestational age newborn following maternal genitourinary infections.","volume":"73","author":"Fichorova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Reproduct. Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00280","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00280-10","article-title":"Maternal microbe-specific modulation of inflammatory response in extremely low-gestational-age newborns.","volume":"2","author":"Fichorova","year":"2011","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20171645","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1645","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm\/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis.","volume":"141","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.12.008","article-title":"Psychiatric outcomes, functioning, and participation in extremely low gestational age newborns at age 15 years.","volume":"61","author":"Frazier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","author":"Gadow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Symptom Inventory\u20134 Screening and Norms Manual."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1298","article-title":"In utero exposure to ischemic-hypoxic conditions and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"131","author":"Getahun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.02.003","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal preeclampsia exposure.","volume":"43","author":"Gumusoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-015-0171-4","article-title":"ADHD symptomatology is best conceptualized as a spectrum: a dimensional versus unitary approach to diagnosis.","volume":"7","author":"Heidbreder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Attent. Deficit Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.041","article-title":"The levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in normal weight, overweight, and obese pregnant women with and without preeclampsia.","volume":"193","author":"Hendler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111426601","article-title":"The association between maternal oxidative stress at mid-gestation and subsequent pregnancy complications.","volume":"19","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduct. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181d7b1d3","article-title":"Perinatal risk and psychiatric outcome in adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight or term small for gestational age.","volume":"31","author":"Indredavik","year":"2010","journal-title":"JDBP"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.11.024","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in offspring of mothers with inflammatory and immune system diseases.","volume":"81","author":"Instanes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090640","article-title":"Lipotoxicity in obese pregnancy and its potential role in adverse pregnancy outcome and obesity in the offspring.","volume":"119","author":"Jarvie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0592","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes in Parents and Risk of Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring: A Population-Based Study in Sweden.","volume":"41","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11R","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212faa0","article-title":"Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders.","volume":"69","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.02.020","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in extremely preterm young adults at 19 years of age and longitudinal findings from middle childhood.","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.77","article-title":"Autism with intellectual disability is associated with increased levels of maternal cytokines and chemokines during gestation.","volume":"22","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.1009","article-title":"Extremely low gestational age and very low birthweight for gestational age are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in a large cohort study of 10-year-old children born at 23-27 weeks gestation.","volume":"216","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00846","article-title":"Leptin and insulin signaling in dopaminergic neurons: relationship between energy balance and reward system.","volume":"5","author":"Khanh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym157","article-title":"Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous determinants in a logistic regression model.","volume":"36","author":"Knol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","article-title":"Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction.","volume":"41","author":"Knol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180776","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0776","article-title":"The risk of offspring psychiatric disorders in the setting of maternal obesity and diabetes.","volume":"142","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.03.018","article-title":"Association of circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory protein biomarkers in extremely preterm born children with subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging volumes and cognitive function at age 10 years.","volume":"210","author":"Kuban","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.054","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory-associated proteins in the first month of life and cognitive impairment at age 10 years in children born extremely preterm.","volume":"180","author":"Kuban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37310-2","article-title":"Spectral photoacoustic imaging to estimate in vivo placental oxygenation during preeclampsia.","volume":"9","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(93)90006-A","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine exposure and cognitive performance in rats.","volume":"15","author":"Levin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.11.004","article-title":"Relationships among the concentrations of 25 inflammation-associated proteins during the first postnatal weeks in the blood of infants born before the 28th week of gestation.","volume":"57","author":"Leviton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.09.003","article-title":"Inflammation-related proteins in the blood of extremely low gestational age newborns. The contribution of inflammation to the appearance of developmental regulation.","volume":"53","author":"Leviton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2017.12.010","article-title":"Antecedents of screening positive for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in ten-year-old children born extremely preterm.","volume":"81","author":"Leviton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13869","article-title":"Observer variability identifying attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in 10-year-old children born extremely preterm.","volume":"106","author":"Leviton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199911000-00013","article-title":"Maternal infection, fetal inflammatory response, and brain damage in very low birth weight infants. Developmental Epidemiology Network Investigators.","volume":"46","author":"Leviton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20152206","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2206","article-title":"The association of maternal obesity and diabetes with autism and other developmental disabilities.","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.088872","article-title":"Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder.","volume":"91","author":"Linnet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0854","article-title":"Association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"75","author":"Maher","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025412444077","article-title":"Developmental differences in structure of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between childhood and adulthood.","volume":"36","author":"Martel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Develop."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2014.03.006","article-title":"Evaluation of maternal systemic inflammatory response in preeclampsia.","volume":"54","author":"Mihu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a026591","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026591","article-title":"Effects of maternal obesity on fetal programming: molecular approaches.","volume":"6","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12478","article-title":"The risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy - a re-examination using a sibling design.","volume":"57","author":"Obel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21090","article-title":"Effect of maternal diabetes on the embryo, fetus, and children: congenital anomalies, genetic and epigenetic changes and developmental outcomes.","volume":"105","author":"Ornoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.060","article-title":"The ELGAN study of the brain and related disorders in extremely low gestational age newborns.","volume":"85","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Hum. Develop."},{"key":"B71","year":"2021","journal-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4640","article-title":"Brain structural and vascular anatomy is altered in offspring of pre-eclamptic pregnancies: A pilot study.","volume":"37","author":"R\u00e4tsep","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00194","article-title":"The role of maternal obesity in the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84573-3","article-title":"The association between gestational diabetes and ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Rowland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12643","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: a meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.1023","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability: statistical approach to developing a bespoke screening tool.","volume":"7","author":"Sawhney","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","article-title":"ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision.","volume":"5","author":"Sayal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv042","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain, offspring DNA methylation and later offspring adiposity: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.","volume":"44","author":"Sharp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview for children and adolescents (MINI-KID).","volume":"71","author":"Sheehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12124","article-title":"Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring.","volume":"55","author":"Skoglund","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31109","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with epigenetic modifications of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-6 exon in adolescent offspring.","author":"Toledo-Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.002","article-title":"Maternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring.","volume":"115","author":"van der Burg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Develop."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.09.014","article-title":"Is maternal obesity associated with sustained inflammation in extremely low gestational age newborns?.","volume":"89","author":"van der Burg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Develop."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16690","article-title":"Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and neurological impairment at 10 years of age among children born extremely preterm: a prospective cohort.","volume":"128","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.03.002","article-title":"Prenatal tobacco exposure influences cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants.","volume":"87","author":"Verhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum. Develop."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr393","article-title":"Child intellectual development in relation to cytokine levels in umbilical cord blood.","volume":"175","author":"von Ehrenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00756-2","article-title":"Maternal hypertensive disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a population-based cohort in two Nordic countries.","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015901","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cumulus cells of type I diabetic mice.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn263","article-title":"Oxidative stress in developmental origins of disease: teratogenesis, neurodevelopmental deficits, and cancer.","volume":"108","author":"Wells","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-23","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes\u2013a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria.","volume":"12","author":"Wendland","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Preg. Childbirth"},{"key":"B91","author":"Wechsler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II)."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180519","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0519","article-title":"Antecedents of obesity among children born extremely preterm.","volume":"142","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0733","article-title":"Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy and risk of ADHD in offspring.","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(92)90069-A","article-title":"Alterations in hippocampal cholinergic receptors and hippocampal behaviors after early exposure to nicotine.","volume":"29","author":"Yanai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(87)90099-5","article-title":"New birthweight and head circumference centiles for gestational ages 24 to 42 weeks.","volume":"15","author":"Yudkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Early Hum. Develop."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","article-title":"A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data.","volume":"159","author":"Zou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.911098\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T05:30:06Z","timestamp":1666243806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.911098\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2022.911098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.911098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"article-number":"911098"}}