{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:40:35Z","timestamp":1789674035304,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We wished to explore Parkinson's disease (PD) subtypes by clustering analysis based on the multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indices amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and gray matter volume (GMV). Then, we analyzed the differences between PD subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-six PD patients and 44 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. We extracted ALFF and GMV according to the Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) partition using Data Processing and Analysis for Brain Imaging (DPABI) software. The Ward linkage method was used for hierarchical clustering analysis. DPABI was employed to compare differences in ALFF and GMV between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two subtypes of PD were identified. The \u201cdiffuse malignant subtype\u201d was characterized by reduced ALFF in the visual-related cortex and extensive reduction of GMV with severe impairment in motor function and cognitive function. The \u201cmild subtype\u201d was characterized by increased ALFF in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and sensorimotor cortex, and a slight decrease in GMV with mild impairment of motor function and cognitive function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hierarchical clustering analysis based on multimodal MRI indices could be employed to identify two PD subtypes. These two PD subtypes showed different neurodegenerative patterns upon imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.919081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T05:44:35Z","timestamp":1659073475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Identifying and validating subtypes of Parkinson's disease based on multimodal MRI data via hierarchical clustering analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huize","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoran","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoguang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.05.032","article-title":"Cortico-striatal-thalamic network functional connectivity in hemiparkinsonism","volume":"35","author":"Agosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. 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