{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:19:53Z","timestamp":1781788793117,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optic neuropathies are conditions that cause disease to the optic nerve, and can result in loss of visual acuity and\/or visual field defects. An improved understanding of how these conditions affect the entire visual system is warranted, to better predict and\/or restore the visual loss. In this article, we review visually-driven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of optic neuropathies, including glaucoma and optic neuritis (ON); we also discuss traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Optic neuropathy-related vision loss results in fMRI deficit within the visual cortex, and is often strongly correlated with clinical severity measures. Using predominantly flickering checkerboard stimuli, glaucoma studies indicated retinotopic-specific cortical alteration with more prominent deficits in advanced than in early glaucoma. Some glaucoma studies indicate a reorganized visual cortex. ON studies have indicated that the impacted cortical areas are briefly hyperactive. For ON, brain deficits are greater in the acute stages of the disease, followed by (near) normalization of responses of the LGN, visual cortex, and the dorsal visual stream, but not the ventral extrastriate cortex. Visually-driven fMRI is sensitive, at least in ON, in discriminating patients from controls, as well as the affected eye from the fellow eye within patients. The use of a greater variety of stimuli beyond checkerboards (e.g., visual motion and object recognition) in recent ON studies is encouraging, and needs to continue to disentangle the results in terms of change over time. Finally, visually-driven fMRI has not yet been applied in TON, although preliminary efforts suggest it may be feasible. Future fMRI studies of optic neuropathies should consider using more complex visual stimuli, and inter-regional analysis methods including functional connectivity. We suggest that a more systematic longitudinal comparison of optic neuropathies with advanced fMRI would provide improved diagnostic and prognostic information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T06:39:57Z","timestamp":1662705597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Visually driven functional MRI techniques for characterization of optic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sujeevini","family":"Sujanthan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Shmuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine Dale","family":"Mendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260901","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The optic neuritis study group","volume":"326","author":"Beck","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"233","article-title":"Clinical approach to optic neuropathies","volume":"1","author":"Behbehani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516649677","article-title":"Cortical functional modifications following optic neuritis","volume":"23","author":"Benoliel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40224","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40224","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of retinotopic maps","volume":"7","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3182842553","article-title":"Diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy: application of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"33","author":"Bodanapally","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4290","article-title":"Hyperintense optic nerve due to diffusion restriction: diffusion-weighted imaging in traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"36","author":"Bodanapally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/15.15.9","article-title":"Functional effects of unilateral open-angle glaucoma on the primary and extrastriate visual cortex","volume":"15","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Detecting early glaucoma by assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual function","volume":"42","author":"Bowd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"58","article-title":"How to test for a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)","volume":"25","author":"Broadway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-015-0282-9","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy and adherence issues in treating elderly patients with glaucoma","volume":"32","author":"Broadway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.468","article-title":"Long-term remyelination after optic neuritis: a 2-year visual evoked potential and psychophysical serial study","volume":"124","author":"Brusa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.035","article-title":"Interocular interaction of contrast and luminance signals in human primary visual cortex","volume":"167","author":"Chadnova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.077","article-title":"Spatial specificity of the functional MRI blood oxygenation response relative to neuronal activity","volume":"164","author":"Chaimow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31823d7acd","article-title":"Early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of optic neuritis","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a017236","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017236","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and current treatment of glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0773","article-title":"Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex in glaucoma: a method for comparing cortical function with damage to the optic disk","volume":"48","author":"Duncan","year":"","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.10.001","article-title":"Retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex in glaucoma: comparing fMRI measurements of cortical function with visual field loss","volume":"26","author":"Duncan","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.51.5.1109","article-title":"Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex, demonstrated by positron emission tomography","volume":"51","author":"Fox","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126362","article-title":"Evaluation of glaucomatous damage via functional magnetic resonance imaging and correlations thereof with anatomical and psychophysical ocular findings","volume":"10","author":"Gerente","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S50231","article-title":"Comparison of SWAP and SAP on the point of glaucoma conversion","volume":"7","author":"Havvas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S110541","article-title":"Altered regional homogeneity in patients with unilateral acute open-globe injury: a resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20863","article-title":"Dissecting structure-function interactions in acute optic neuritis to investigate neuroplasticity","volume":"31","author":"Jenkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006139","article-title":"Structural and functional brain changes in early- and mid-stage primary open-angle glaucoma using voxel-based morphometry and functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31469-1","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"390","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090020085029","article-title":"Baseline visual field profile of optic neuritis. The experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Optic neuritis study group","volume":"111","author":"Keltner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(99)00304-9","article-title":"Comparison of central and peripheral visual field properties in the optic neuritis treatment trial","volume":"128","author":"Keltner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm045","article-title":"Recovery from optic neuritis: an ROI-based analysis of LGN and visual cortical areas","volume":"130","author":"Korsholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267272.60714.42","article-title":"Visual function at baseline and 1 month in acute optic neuritis: predictors of visual outcome","volume":"69","author":"Kupersmith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.12.5675","article-title":"Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation","volume":"89","author":"Kwong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2019.7445","article-title":"Traumatic optic neuropathy-a contralateral finding: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Kyncl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00399.x","article-title":"Functional MRI of the visual cortex and visual testing in patients with previous optic neuritis","volume":"9","author":"Langkilde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.09.010","article-title":"Glaucoma and the brain: trans-synaptic degeneration, structural change and implications for neuroprotection","volume":"63","author":"Lawlor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.07.030","article-title":"Normal and abnormal fMRI activation patterns in the visual cortex after recovery from optic neuritis","volume":"33","author":"Levin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113506900","article-title":"Time-dependent diffusion tensor changes of optic nerve in patients with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265306","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/265306","article-title":"Functional MRI examination of visual pathways in patients with unilateral optic neuritis","volume":"2012","author":"Mascioli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1330115","article-title":"Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy following head injury: report of five patients and review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Miliaras","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. A Cent. Eur. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31464","article-title":"Retinal structures and visual cortex activity are impaired prior to clinical vision loss in glaucoma","volume":"6","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.5951","article-title":"Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"89","author":"Ogawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.81","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"25","author":"Pau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4834","article-title":"Functional MRI signal changes in primary visual cortex corresponding to the central normal visual field of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Qing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821f4602","article-title":"Sustained motion perception deficit following optic neuritis: Behavioral and cortical evidence","volume":"76","author":"Raz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.50.6.1896","article-title":"Visual activation patterns in patients with optic neuritis: an fMRI pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Rombouts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2002.tb00142.x","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging in acute unilateral optic neuritis","volume":"12","author":"Russ","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7754376","article-title":"Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"268","author":"Sereno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.08.003","article-title":"Diagnostic tools for glaucoma detection and management","volume":"53","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0642","article-title":"Spatiotemporal frequency and direction sensitivities of human visual areas measured using fMRI","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364100903020059","article-title":"Staging glaucoma patient: why and how?","volume":"3","author":"Susanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00593510","article-title":"Optic nerve injury demonstrated by MRI with STIR sequences","volume":"36","author":"Takehara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S110539","article-title":"Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in patients with unilateral acute open globe injury using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20448","article-title":"Adaptive cortical plasticity in higher visual areas after acute optic neuritis","volume":"57","author":"Toosy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70259-X","article-title":"Optic neuritis","volume":"13","author":"Toosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)00700-0","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cortical response to photic stimulation in humans following optic neuritis recovery","volume":"330","author":"Toosy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.012","article-title":"Visual field maps in human cortex","volume":"56","author":"Wandell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8295","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7635","article-title":"Network centrality in patients with acute unilateral open globe injury: a voxelwise degree centrality study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu277","article-title":"Probabilistic maps of visual topography in human cortex","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16257-0","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"363","author":"Weinreb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.441","article-title":"Recovery from optic neuritis is associated with a change in the distribution of cerebral response to visual stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"68","author":"Werring","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0616","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of optic neuritis","volume":"112","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000461","article-title":"Recent developments in visual field testing for glaucoma","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1159\/000330723","article-title":"Evaluation of traumatic optic neuropathy in patients with optic canal fracture using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary report","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual fields interpretation in glaucoma: a focus on static automated perimetry","volume":"25","author":"Yaqub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.06.26","article-title":"Reduction in interhemispheric functional connectivity in the dorsal visual pathway in unilateral acute open globe injury patients: a resting-state fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23049","article-title":"Selective reduction of fMRI responses to transient achromatic stimuli in the magnocellular layers of the LGN and the superficial layer of the SC of early glaucoma patients","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17286","article-title":"Retinotopic changes in the gray matter volume and cerebral blood flow in the primary visual cortex of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000641","article-title":"Retinotopic fMRI reveals visual dysfunction and functional reorganization in the visual cortex of mild to moderate glaucoma patients","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943603\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T06:40:05Z","timestamp":1662705605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943603\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.943603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"article-number":"943603"}}