{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:59:12Z","timestamp":1792677552384,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared the efficacy of Motor Imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) combined with physiotherapy and physiotherapy alone in ischemic stroke before and after rehabilitation training. We wanted to explore whether the rehabilitation effect of MI-BCI is affected by the severity of the patient\u2019s condition and whether MI-BCI was effective for all patients. Forty hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke with motor deficits participated in this study. The patients were divided into MI and control groups. Functional assessments were performed before and after rehabilitation training. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) was used as the primary outcome measure, and its shoulder and elbow scores and wrist scores served as secondary outcome measures. The motor assessment scale (MAS) was used to assess motor function recovery. We used non-contrast CT (NCCT) to investigate the influence of different types of middle cerebral artery high-density signs on the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Brain topographic maps can directly reflect the neural activity of the brain, so we used them to detect changes in brain function and brain topological power response after stroke. Compared the MI group and control group after rehabilitation training, better functional outcome was observed after MI-BCI rehabilitation, including a significantly higher probability of achieving a relevant increase in the Total FMA scores (MI = 16.70 \u00b1 12.79, control = 5.34 \u00b1 10.48), FMA shoulder and elbow scores (MI = 12.56 \u00b1 6.37, control = 2.45 \u00b1 7.91), FMA wrist scores (MI = 11.01 \u00b1 3.48, control = 3.36 \u00b1 5.79), the MAS scores (MI = 3.62 \u00b1 2.48, control = 1.85 \u00b1 2.89), the NCCT (MI = 21.94 \u00b1 2.37, control = 17.86 \u00b1 3.55). The findings demonstrate that MI-BCI rehabilitation training could more effectively improve motor function after upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke compared with routine rehabilitation training, which verifies the feasibility of active induction of neural rehabilitation. The severity of the patient\u2019s condition may affect the rehabilitation effect of the MI-BCI system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:54:32Z","timestamp":1678755272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Motor imagery brain\u2013computer interface rehabilitation system enhances upper limb performance and improves brain activity in stroke patients: A clinical study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaf12e","article-title":"A comprehensive review of EEG-based brain\u2013computer interface paradigms.","volume":"16","author":"Abiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02735-w","article-title":"Early EEG alterations correlate with CTP hypoperfused volumes and neurological deficit: A wireless EEG study in hyper-acute ischemic stroke.","volume":"49","author":"Aj\u010devi\u0107","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02280-z","article-title":"Hyper-acute EEG alterations predict functional and morphological outcomes in thrombolysis-treated ischemic stroke: A wireless EEG study.","volume":"59","author":"Aj\u010devi\u0107","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJPSYCHO.2021.07.360","article-title":"Improving of the effectiveness of motor-imagery training with BCI technology in hand exoskeleton in post-stroke rehabilitation.","author":"Alexandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/HEALTHCARE9111568","article-title":"The association between mental motor imagery and real movement in stroke.","volume":"9","author":"Ana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.008","article-title":"Facilitating effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor imagery brain-computer interface with robotic feedback for stroke rehabilitation.","volume":"96","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00686-2","article-title":"Immediate and long-term effects of BCI-based rehabilitation of the upper extremity after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuro Eng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-2463-2","author":"Barbero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atlas of muscle innervation zones: Understanding surface electromyography and its applications."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04673-z","article-title":"Brain-actuated functional electrical stimulation elicits lasting arm motor recovery after stroke.","volume":"9","author":"Biasiucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.544","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces for post-stroke motor rehabilitation: A meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Cervera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"B11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese guidelines for stroke prevention and treatment"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-180877","article-title":"Time course of sensorimotor cortex reorganization during upper extremity task accompanying motor recovery early after stroke: An fNIRS study.","volume":"37","author":"Delorme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00697-6","article-title":"Visualization of signifificant ERD\/ERS patterns in multichannel EEG and ECoG data.","volume":"113","author":"Graimann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1624637","article-title":"Motor imagery-based brain-computer interface coupled to a robotic hand orthosis aimed for neurorehabilitation of stroke patients.","volume":"2018","author":"Jessica","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMPBIOMED.2021.104799","article-title":"EEG feature fusion for motor imagery: A new robust framework towards stroke patients rehabilitation.","volume":"137","author":"Kamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2021.2008597","article-title":"Identifying emotional contributors to participation post-stroke.","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topics Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-021-09689-8","article-title":"A survey of brain network analysis by electroencephalographic signals.","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00029-1","article-title":"EEG as a marker of brain plasticity in clinical applications.","volume":"184","author":"Manganotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.05.407","article-title":"Relationship between motor imagery ability and motor function of hemiplegic upper limbs and their use in stroke patients.","volume":"61","author":"Morioka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/035011","article-title":"Motor imagery-induced EEG patterns in individuals with spinal cord injury and their impact on brain\u2013computer interface accuracy.","volume":"11","author":"Mueller-Putz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103843","article-title":"Review on motor imagery based BCI systems for upper limb post-stroke neurorehabilitation: From designing to application.","volume":"123","author":"Muhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)59014-4","article-title":"ERD\/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation.","volume":"159","author":"Neuper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(79)90063-4","article-title":"Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary selfpaced movement.","volume":"46","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles.","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.07.021","article-title":"Quantitative EEG indices of sub-acute ischaemic stroke correlate with clinical outcomes.","volume":"118","author":"Simon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl2021.102931","article-title":"MRI markers of functional connectivity and tissue microstructure in stroke-related motor rehabilitation: A systematic review.","volume":"33","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2903685","article-title":"BCI monitor enhances electroencephalographic and cerebral hemodynamic activations during motor training.","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.125948","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces as new brain output pathways.","volume":"579","author":"Wolpaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.909610","article-title":"EEG-based brain network analysis of chronic stroke patients after BCI rehabilitation training.","volume":"16","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:54:34Z","timestamp":1678755274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"article-number":"1117670"}}