{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:09:06Z","timestamp":1790744946883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of olfaction are of fundamental and practical interest for many reasons. In the field of neural technologies, olfactory-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent an approach that could be useful for neurorehabilitation of anosmia, dysosmia and hyposmia. While the idea of a BCI that decodes neural responses to different odors and\/or enables odor-based neurofeedback is appealing, the results of previous EEG investigations into the olfactory domain are rather inconsistent, particularly when non-primary processing of olfactory signals is concerned. Here we developed an experimental paradigm where EEG recordings are conducted while a participant executes an olfaction-based instructed-delay task. We utilized an olfactory display and a sensor of respiration to deliver odors in a strictly controlled fashion. We showed that with this approach spatial and spectral EEG properties could be analyzed to assess neural processing of olfactory stimuli and their conversion into a motor response. We conclude that EEG recordings are suitable for detecting active processing of odors. As such they could be integrated in a BCI that strives to rehabilitate olfactory disabilities or uses odors for hedonistic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1117801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T04:38:41Z","timestamp":1684989521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["An experimental paradigm for studying EEG correlates of olfactory discrimination"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Ninenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria F.","family":"Kleeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Bukreev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"5160","article-title":"EEG-based classification of olfactory response to pleasant stimuli","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings 41st annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0260-x","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: Possibilities for olfaction and virtual reality exposure therapy.","volume":"19","author":"Aiken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2018.8329668","article-title":"Promoting relaxation using virtual reality, olfactory interfaces and wearable EEG","author":"Amores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 15th international conference on wearable and implantable body sensor networks (BSN)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9060252","article-title":"Assessment and scientific progresses in the analysis of olfactory evoked potentials.","volume":"9","author":"Arpaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00966","article-title":"Olfactory recognition based on EEG gamma-band activity.","volume":"29","author":"Aydemir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comp."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/25.4.487","article-title":"Psychophysical and behavioral characteristics of olfactory adaptation.","volume":"25","author":"Dalton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. 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