{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:04:49Z","timestamp":1790705089717,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early exposure to a rich linguistic environment is essential as soon as the diagnosis of deafness is made. Cochlear implantation (CI) allows children to have access to speech perception in their early years. However, it provides only partial acoustic information, which can lead to difficulties in perceiving some phonetic contrasts. This study investigates the contribution of two spoken speech and language rehabilitation approaches to speech perception in children with CI using a lexicality judgment task from the EULALIES battery. Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) is an early intervention program that relies on auditory learning to enhance hearing skills in deaf children with CI. French Cued Speech, also called Cued French (CF), is a multisensory communication tool that disambiguates lip reading by adding a manual gesture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 124 children aged from 60 to 140 months were included: 90 children with typical hearing skills (TH), 9 deaf children with CI who had participated in an AVT program (AVT), 6 deaf children with CI with high Cued French reading skills (CF+), and 19 deaf children with CI with low Cued French reading skills (CF-). Speech perception was assessed using sensitivity (<jats:italic>d\u2019<\/jats:italic>) using both the hit and false alarm rates, as defined in signal-detection theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that children with cochlear implants from the CF- and CF+ groups have significantly lower performance compared to children with typical hearing (TH) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033, respectively). Additionally, children in the AVT group also tended to have lower scores compared to TH children (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.07). However, exposition to AVT and CF seems to improve speech perception. The scores of the children in the AVT and CF+ groups are closer to typical scores than those of children in the CF- group, as evidenced by a distance measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the findings of this study provide evidence for the effectiveness of these two speech and language rehabilitation approaches, and highlight the importance of using a specific approach in addition to a cochlear implant to improve speech perception in children with cochlear implants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:34:46Z","timestamp":1684139686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Speech rehabilitation in children with cochlear implants using a multisensory (French Cued Speech) or a hearing-focused (Auditory Verbal Therapy) approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"Van Bogaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Machart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvain","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"L\u0153venbruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Vilain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Consortium EULALIES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/095414499382255","article-title":"The role of lip-reading and cued speech in the processing of phonological information in french-educated deaf children.","volume":"11","author":"Alegria","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2011.00919.x","article-title":"Early experience of Cued Speech enhances speechreading performance in deaf.","volume":"53","author":"Aparicio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020378","article-title":"Contemporary speech and oral language care for deaf and hard-of-hearing children using hearing devices.","volume":"9","author":"Bergeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205546","article-title":"Speech perception without hearing.","volume":"62","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030239","article-title":"How effective is auditory-verbal therapy (AVT) for building language development of children with cochlear implants? A systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Binos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182503e47","article-title":"Predictors of spoken language development following pediatric cochlear implantation.","volume":"33","author":"Boons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear. Hear."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr014","article-title":"Reading and reading-related skills in children using cochlear implants: Prospects for the influence of cued speech.","volume":"16","author":"Bouton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2014.1002796","article-title":"Atypical phonological processing impairs written word recognition in children with cochlear implants.","volume":"30","author":"Bouton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/10-0330)","article-title":"Categorical perception of speech sounds in French-speaking children with cochlear implant.","volume":"55","author":"Bouton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests.","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"307","article-title":"Early hearing detection and intervention in children with prelingual deafness, effects on language development.","volume":"59","author":"Bubbico","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"B12","author":"Busquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"TERMO Test d\u2019\u00e9valuation de la r\u00e9ception du message oral par l\u2019enfant sourd."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/713755898","article-title":"The rhyming skills of deaf children educated with phonetically augmented speechreading.","volume":"53","author":"Charlier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. Sec. A"},{"key":"B14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Centre d\u2019Infomation sur la Surdi\u00e9te et l\u2019Implant Cochl\u00e9aire. Enqu\u00eate \u00ab Le parcours de l\u2019enfant implant\u00e9 cochl\u00e9aire \u00bb : des r\u00e9sultats riches en informations"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.09.014","article-title":"Effect of age at cochlear implantation and at exposure to Cued Speech on literacy skills in deaf children.","volume":"71","author":"Colin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cued speech.","volume":"112","author":"Cornett","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. Ann. Deaf"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4196","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-H-18-0137","article-title":"Effectiveness of rehabilitation approaches proposed to children with severe-to-profound prelinguistic deafness on the development of auditory, speech, and language skills: A systematic review.","volume":"62","author":"Demers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"331","article-title":"Language acquisition and critical periods for children using cochlear implants","author":"Dettman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language and education"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(11)70177-X","article-title":"Communication outcomes for groups of children using cochlear implants enrolled in auditory-verbal, aural-oral, and bilingual-bicultural early intervention programs.","volume":"75","author":"Dettman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Outcomes of Auditory-Verbal therapy: A review of the evidence and a call for action.","volume":"104","author":"Eriks-Brophy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Volta Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2013.1744","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"139","author":"Gaylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-H-14-0173","article-title":"Persistent language delay versus late language emergence in children with early cochlear implantation.","volume":"59","author":"Geers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10087","article-title":"Communication options for children with hearing loss.","volume":"9","author":"Gravel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719834102","article-title":"Deaf children need language, not (just) speech.","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"First Lang."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2018.07.001","article-title":"Language impairment in children with CI: An investigation of Swedish.","volume":"213","author":"Hansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"B26","year":"2009","journal-title":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. Surdit\u00e9 de l\u2019enfant: accompagnement des familles et suivi de l\u2019enfant de 0 \u00e0 6 ans, hors accompagnement scolaire."},{"key":"B27","author":"Jacquier-Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Outil de d\u00e9pistage des DYSlexies - ODEDYS."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.04.033","article-title":"Efficacy of auditory-verbal therapy in children with hearing impairment: A systematic review from 1993 to 2015.","volume":"86","author":"Kaipa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102773","article-title":"Longitudinal outcomes of cochlear implantation and bimodal hearing in a large group of adults: A multicenter clinical study.","volume":"42","author":"Kelsall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B30","author":"Khomsi","year":"2001","journal-title":"ELO: \u00e9valuation du langage oral manuel"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.10.009","article-title":"What can be expected from a late cochlear implantation?","volume":"73","author":"Kos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00034-X","article-title":"Neurocognitive factors in sensory restoration of early deafness: A connectome model.","volume":"15","author":"Kral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B33","author":"LaSasso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cued speech and cued language development for deaf and hard of hearing children."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713810375567","article-title":"Cued speech for enhancing speech perception and first language development of children with cochlear implants.","volume":"14","author":"Leybaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Amplif."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"480","article-title":"Cued speech: An evaluative study.","volume":"120","author":"Ling","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Ann. Deaf"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(78)90004-7","article-title":"Speech development in hearing-impaired children.","volume":"11","author":"Ling","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"B37","author":"Machart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Production de parole chez l\u2019enfant sourd : B\u00e9n\u00e9fices de l\u2019exposition \u00e0 la langue fran\u00e7aise parl\u00e9e compl\u00e9t\u00e9e associ\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019implantation cochl\u00e9aire"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611147","author":"Macmillan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Detection Theory: A User\u2019s Guide"},{"key":"B39","author":"Meloni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evaluation des troubles du d\u00e9veloppement des sons de parole dans le cadre d\u2019un mod\u00e8le psycholinguistique chez l\u2019enfant francophone"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"EULALIES, the france-qu\u00e9bec speech sound disorders project","author":"Meloni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paper presented at the 14th international congress for the study of child language (IASCL)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2502.262","article-title":"Cued Speech and the reception of spoken language.","volume":"25","author":"Nicholls","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02555-1","article-title":"Determinants of speech perception in children after cochlear implantation.","volume":"356","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2020.07.007","article-title":"The french cochlear implant registry (EPIIC): Cochlear implantation complications.","volume":"137","author":"Parent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2017.1389020","article-title":"Auditory verbal habilitation is associated with improved outcome for children with cochlear implant.","volume":"19","author":"Percy-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int."},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of prolonged cued speech practice upon the reception of spoken language","author":"P\u00e9rier","year":"1990","journal-title":"The education of hearing impaired: Current perspectives, 1985;1, International Congress on education of the hearing impaired"},{"key":"B46","year":"2006","journal-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing. Computing 1."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"97","article-title":"Easy to hear but hard to understand: A lip-reading advantage with intact auditory stimuli","author":"Reisberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hearing by eye: The psychology of lip-reading"},{"key":"B48","author":"Spencer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evidence-based practice in educating deaf and hard-of-hearing students."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907309","article-title":"Visual contribution to speech intelligibility in noise.","volume":"26","author":"Sumby","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enx026","article-title":"Cued speech and the development of reading in english: Examining the evidence.","volume":"22","author":"Trezek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"20","article-title":"Automatic speech recognition to aid the hearing impaired: Prospects for the automatic generation of cued speech.","volume":"31","author":"Uchanski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Les outils d\u2019aide \u00e0 la communication utilis\u00e9s avec les enfants sourds en France: \u00c9tude exploratoire","author":"Van Bogaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paper presented at the s\u00e9minaire AFCP \u2013 phon\u00e9tique clinique"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1179\/1754762813Y.0000000062","article-title":"Language outcomes for children with cochlear implants enrolled in different communication programs.","volume":"15","author":"Yanbay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochl. Implants Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152516\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:34:56Z","timestamp":1684139696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152516\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1152516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"article-number":"1152516"}}