{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:50:20Z","timestamp":1765889420456,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The status of vitamin D has been proposed to have an impact on cognition. Gray matter volume (GMV) is a potential marker of cognitive function. We investigated whether lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was associated with reduced cerebral GMV in Parkinson\u2019s disease with non-dementia (PDND) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline neuropsychiatric performance and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were examined in 24 PDND patients and 24 healthy controls (HCs). A set of cognitive scales were used to evaluate the cognition. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to calculate each PDND patient\u2019s GMV, based on structural magnetic resonance imaging data. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, cognition, and GMV were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of the PDND group were significantly lower than those of the HC group. The simple linear regression analyses between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the scores of subtests that analyzed cognitive function showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were negatively correlated with Trail Making Test-A scores and positively correlated with Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Auditory Verbal Learning Test scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed a positive correlation between the right fusiform gyrus GMV and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesized that the lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with PDND might affect auditory word learning and spatial cognition ability by reducing the gray matter volume of the right fusiform gyrus, thereby leading to deterioration of semantic understanding and memory function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1474148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T07:09:18Z","timestamp":1732864158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin D and focal brain atrophy in PD with non-dementia: a VBM study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.07.007","article-title":"Voxel-based analyses of gray\/white matter volume and diffusion tensor data in major depression","volume":"181","author":"Abe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50997","article-title":"Group SAM: vitamin D concentration and focal brain atrophy in older adults: a voxel-based morphometric study","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry--the methods","volume":"11","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1840117","article-title":"Clinical correlates of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Barichella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070341","article-title":"Non-skeletal activities of vitamin D: from physiology to brain pathology","volume":"55","author":"Bivona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2010.00631.x","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene as a candidate gene for Parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"Butler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22364","article-title":"Functional characterization and differential co-activation patterns of two cytoarchitectonic visual areas on the human posterior fusiform gyrus","volume":"35","author":"Caspers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.06.006","article-title":"Patterns of cerebellar volume loss in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2032s disease: a VBM-DARTEL study","volume":"223","author":"Colloby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2020.1793104","article-title":"Clock-drawing test in vascular mild cognitive impairment: validity of quantitative and qualitative analyses","volume":"42","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-018-0086-5","article-title":"Vitamin D basis of Alzheimer's disease: from genetics to biomarkers","volume":"18","author":"Dursun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101377","article-title":"A novel perspective for Alzheimer's disease: vitamin D receptor suppression by amyloid-beta and preventing the amyloid-beta induced alterations by vitamin D in cortical neurons","volume":"23","author":"Dursun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Emre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.10.1348","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin d insufficiency in patients with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease","volume":"65","author":"Evatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24205","article-title":"Individualized prediction of trait narcissism from whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"39","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.265","article-title":"Parkinson disease reduced level of dietary vitamin D is associated with PD","volume":"11","author":"Fyfe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.09.013","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease","volume":"370","author":"Gatto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2020.01.001","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson disease","volume":"36","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52038","article-title":"Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? A neuropsychological case study","volume":"11","author":"Hauw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu022","article-title":"Vitamin D in relation to cognitive impairment, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and brain volumes","volume":"69","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206786","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1206786","article-title":"Neuroimaging anomalies in asymptomatic middle cerebral artery steno-occlusive disease with normal-appearing white matter","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1493807","article-title":"Are the protective benefits of vitamin D in neurodegenerative disease dependent on route of administration? A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Iacopetta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S748","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22670","article-title":"MRI and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Ibarretxe-Bilbao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150991","article-title":"Association of Serum Vitamin D with the risk of incident dementia and subclinical indices of brain aging: the Framingham heart study","volume":"51","author":"Karakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.057448","article-title":"Outdoor work and risk for Parkinson's disease: a population-based case-control study","volume":"68","author":"Kenborg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2382","article-title":"Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status with brain volume changes","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1673-4254.2005.09.003","article-title":"Distribution and role of motilin receptor in the amygdala of rats","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00213-2","article-title":"The relationships of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and vitamin D supplementation with Parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2016.31.2.185","article-title":"Endocrine risk factors for cognitive impairment","volume":"31","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0330573","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D3 reverses age-related inflammatory changes in the rat hippocampus","volume":"33","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21317","article-title":"Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease\u2014a hypothesis","volume":"22","author":"Newmark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130206","article-title":"Memory, mood, and vitamin D in persons with Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02173-0","article-title":"Performance of Mattis dementia rating scale-Chinese version in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1710509","article-title":"The efficacy of gray matter atrophy and cognitive assessment in differentiation of aMCI and naMCI","volume":"29","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1273","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in Parkinson's disease","volume":"49","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.06.006","article-title":"Serum vitamin D and hippocampal gray matter volume in schizophrenia","volume":"233","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.200541","article-title":"Executive function training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"130","author":"Shuai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27717","article-title":"Voxel-based quantitative susceptibility mapping in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"34","author":"Uchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26117","article-title":"Vitamin D from different sources is inversely associated with Parkinson disease","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.010","article-title":"Where color rests: spontaneous brain activity of bilateral fusiform and lingual regions predicts object color knowledge performance","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm111","article-title":"Evolution of cognitive dysfunction in an incident Parkinson's disease cohort","volume":"130","author":"Williams-Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.04.011","article-title":"Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry of white matter in medial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13141","article-title":"Relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, bone density, and Parkinson's disease symptoms","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664558","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.664558","article-title":"Gait kinematic and kinetic characteristics of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and subjective cognitive decline: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1474148\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T07:09:23Z","timestamp":1732864163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1474148\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1474148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1474148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"article-number":"1474148"}}