{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T18:46:31Z","timestamp":1764701191038,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study includes a correlation analysis of EMG signals of upper limb muscle activity in wheelchair fencers. The aim of the study was to investigate neuromuscular conduction in wheelchair fencers using the EMG signal from their upper limb muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wavelet transform analysis was used to examine the biosignals. The recorded EMG signals were subjected to time-frequency transformations. The scalograms were determined using the continuous wavelet transform. Based on the analysis, time-frequency coherence maps were extracted to determine validation in the frequency bands: 2\u201316\u202fHz, 17\u201330\u202fHz, and 31\u201360\u202fHz. The study participants were 16 wheelchair fencers, members of the Polish Paralympic Team, in two disability categories: 7 in category A and 9 in category B. Coherence was calculated for frequencies up to 60\u202fHz.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis revealed the individual time-dependent coherence between two signals for different frequencies during the work cycle of the antagonist muscles of the arm (biceps\/triceps) and forearm (flexor\/extensor carpi radialis). A significant difference in alpha coherence (2\u201316\u202fHz) occurred in the group of forearm muscles in the frequency band of 2\u201316\u202fHz, both for G (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.042) and M (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.031) parameters (G: A - 0.08\u202fHz, B - 0.04\u202fHz; M: A - 0.51 and B - 0.42). Its peaks were observed during the fencing action cycle. Some differences in gamma coherence were also found in the EMG signals of the forearm muscles in the 31\u201360\u202fHz frequency band were statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.031): 0.43 in group A and 0.36 in group B.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed the neuromuscular conduction, where alpha coherence reflects the reticulospinal tract responsible for the excitation of the distal muscles of the wrist and hand, while gamma coherence results from cortical signals. It is related to efferent conduction and reflects corticomuscular coupling. Frequency domain coherence analysis determines the strength of intermuscular synchronization, allowing a comprehensive investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying motor recovery. It maps separate neural pathways for arm and hand control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1523358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:55:09Z","timestamp":1740466509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlation analysis of upper limb muscle activation in the frequency domain in wheelchair fencers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"B\u0142aszczyszyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piechota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Borysiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kr\u0119cisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Zmarz\u0142y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The co-ordination and regulation of movements","year":"1966","author":"Bernstein","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00369-y","article-title":"Wavelet coherence as a measure of trunk stabilizer muscle activation in wheelchair fencers","volume":"13","author":"B\u0142aszczyszyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1109\/10.930899","article-title":"Time-frequency parameters of the surface myoelectric signal for assessing muscle fatigue during cyclic dynamic contractions","volume":"48","author":"Bonato","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052430","article-title":"Electromyography, wavelet analysis and muscle co-activation as comprehensive tools of movement pattern assessment for injury prevention in wheelchair fencing","volume":"12","author":"Borysiuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6584832","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6584832","article-title":"Neuromuscular, perceptual, and temporal determinants of movement patterns in wheelchair fencing: preliminary study","volume":"2020","author":"Borysiuk","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"19","article-title":"Movement patterns and sensorimotor responses: comparison of men and women in wheelchair fencing based on the polish Paralympic team","volume":"16","author":"Borysiuk","year":"","journal-title":"Arch. Budo"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00795","article-title":"Motor overflow and spasticity in chronic stroke share a common pathophysiological process: analysis of within-limb and between-limb EMG-EMG coherence","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1438-0","article-title":"Interjoint coordination dynamics during reaching in stroke","volume":"151","author":"Cirstea","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1010","article-title":"Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior","volume":"6","author":"d'Avella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4262-4","article-title":"Intermuscular coherence contributions in synergistic muscles during pedaling","volume":"233","author":"De Marchis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00207","article-title":"Coherence of the surface EMG and common synaptic input to motor neurons","volume":"12","author":"Dideriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.04.028","article-title":"Flexion synergy overshadows flexor spasticity during reaching in chronic moderate to severe hemiparetic stroke","volume":"128","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019851","article-title":"The frequency content of common synaptic inputs to motoneurones studied during voluntary isometric contraction in man","volume":"470","author":"Farmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.801","article-title":"Abnormal motor unit synchronization of antagonist muscles underlies pathological co-contraction in upper limb dystonia","volume":"121","author":"Farmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws150","article-title":"Beta-band intermuscular coherence: a novel biomarker of upper motor neuron dysfunction in motor neuron disease","volume":"135","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/sports9070089","article-title":"How can biomechanics improve physical preparation and performance in Paralympic athletes? A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Fletcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-12-132","article-title":"Statistical validation of wavelet transform coherence method to assess the transfer of calf muscle activation to blood pressure during quiet standing","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"365","article-title":"Comparative analysis of wavelet-based feature extraction for intramuscular EMG signal decomposition","volume":"7","author":"Ghofrani Jahromi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15068","article-title":"Muscle synergy structure and gait patterns in children with spastic cerebral palsy","volume":"64","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-11-561-2004","article-title":"Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series","volume":"11","author":"Grinsted","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032682099","article-title":"The neural basis of intermittent motor control in humans","volume":"99","author":"Gross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00125.2003","article-title":"Acoustic startle evokes bilaterally synchronous oscillatory EMG activity in the healthy human","volume":"90","author":"Grosse","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00537","article-title":"Estimation of time-varying coherence amongst synergistic muscles during wrist movements","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00231.2020","article-title":"Intermuscular coherence between homologous muscles during dynamic and static movement periods of bipedal squatting","volume":"124","author":"Kenville","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(01)00549-1","article-title":"Synchronization of single motor units during voluntary contractions in the upper and lower extremities","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310388665","article-title":"Weakening of synergist muscle coupling during reaching movement in stroke patients","volume":"25","author":"Kisiel-Sajewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.862535","article-title":"Conventional and wavelet coherence applied to sensory-evoked electrical brain activity","volume":"53","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"I.E.E.E. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281232","article-title":"Temporal control of muscle synergies is linked with alpha-band neural drive","volume":"599","author":"Laine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"791","article-title":"Merging of synergistic muscles and intermuscular coherence predict muscle coordination complexity","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2022208","article-title":"Inter-muscular coherence and functional coordination in the human upper extremity after stroke","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106033","article-title":"Decoding invariant spatiotemporal synergy patterns on muscle networks of lower-limb movements via surface electromyographic signals","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200107030-00033","article-title":"Involvement of the sensorimotor cortex in physiological force and action tremor","volume":"12","author":"Marsden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.010","article-title":"Differences between flexion and extension synergy-driven coupling at the elbow, wrist, and fingers of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke","volume":"130","author":"McPherson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00566","article-title":"Intermuscular coherence between surface EMG signals is higher for monopolar compared to bipolar electrode configurations","volume":"9","author":"Mohr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2012.09.012","article-title":"A note on the probability distribution function of the surface electromyogram signal","volume":"90","author":"Nazarpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amm.393.953","article-title":"Wavelet analysis: mother wavelet selection methods","volume":"393","author":"Ngui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3702-2","article-title":"Modulation between bilateral legs and within unilateral muscle synergists of postural muscle activity changes with development and aging","volume":"232","author":"Obata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90058-2","article-title":"Discharge frequency and discharge pattern of human motor units during voluntary contraction of muscle","volume":"32","author":"Person","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022516","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1022516","article-title":"Abnormal proximal-distal interactions in upper-limb of stroke survivors during object manipulation: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Phan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.050","article-title":"Wavelet basis functions in biomedical signal processing","volume":"38","author":"Rafiee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008282","article-title":"Effect of synchronization of firings of different motor unit types on the force variability in a model of the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"17","author":"Raikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12886","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3177889","article-title":"FBGs based system for muscle effort monitoring in wheelchair users","volume":"22","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00003","article-title":"Motor unit synchronization and neuromuscular performance","volume":"30","author":"Semmler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281681","article-title":"Corticoreticulospinal tract neurophysiology in an arm and hand muscle in healthy and stroke subjects","volume":"599","author":"Taga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2679:ICITEM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interdecadal changes in the ENSO\u2013monsoon system","volume":"12","author":"Torrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281094","article-title":"Intermuscular coherence analysis in older adults reveals that gait-related arm swing drives lower limb muscles via subcortical and cortical pathways","volume":"599","author":"Weersink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1523358\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:55:14Z","timestamp":1740466514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1523358\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1523358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1523358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1662-5161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"article-number":"1523358"}}