{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:55:36Z","timestamp":1787320536543,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limb apraxia is a cognitive-motor disorder typically resulting from left hemisphere stroke, characterized by an inability to perform skilled limb movements despite intact motor and sensory functions. Previous studies suggest that individuals with apraxia exhibit deficits in sensorimotor integration, particularly in detecting temporal discrepancies between movement and sensory feedback. However, whether these deficits affect explicit sense of agency (SoA) remains unclear. This study investigated the time window for sensorimotor integration and explicit SoA in post-stroke patients with and without apraxia. Twenty patients with left hemisphere stroke participated in a delay detection task assessing sensory-sensory and sensorimotor integration and an agency attribution task measuring explicit SoA. The results demonstrated that apraxic patients had a significantly prolonged delay detection threshold and reduced steepness in the active movement condition, indicating an altered time window for sensorimotor integration. In contrast, there were no significant differences between apraxic and non-apraxic patients in the time window for explicit SoA. These findings suggest that while apraxic patients exhibit deficits in sensorimotor integration, their explicit SoA remains preserved. This dissociation supports the notion that explicit SoA may be maintained through compensatory cognitive processes despite impairments at the sensorimotor level. Further research is needed, considering the limitations of this study, to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of SoA in apraxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1597200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T01:49:46Z","timestamp":1749779386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distorted time window for sensorimotor integration and preserved time window for sense of agency in patients with post-stroke limb apraxia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nobusako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rintaro","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotaro","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.39.3.162-168","article-title":"The relationship between the sense of self-agency and schizotypal personality traits","volume":"39","author":"Asai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(02)01907-1","article-title":"Abnormalities in the awareness of action","volume":"6","author":"Blakemore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.09.006","article-title":"Deficient internal models for planning hand-object interactions in apraxia","volume":"43","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.030","article-title":"The extrastriate cortex distinguishes between the consequences of one\u2019s own and others\u2019 behavior","volume":"36","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00149","article-title":"The feeling of agency: empirical indicators for a pre-reflective level of action awareness","volume":"2","author":"David","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.06.011","article-title":"Neurology of widely embedded free will","volume":"47","author":"de Jong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/425267","article-title":"Effect of distorted visual feedback on the sense of agency","volume":"19","author":"Farrer","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(02)00041-1","article-title":"Modulating the experience of agency: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"18","author":"Farrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm050","article-title":"The angular gyrus computes action awareness representations","volume":"18","author":"Farrer","year":"","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1009","article-title":"Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: the neural correlates of the experience of agency","volume":"15","author":"Farrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.40.9.1391","article-title":"Verbal asomatognosia","volume":"40","author":"Feinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.046","article-title":"Role of the parietal cortex in predicting incoming actions","volume":"59","author":"Fontana","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.454","article-title":"Defective recognition of one\u2019s own actions in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Franck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(99)00052-1","article-title":"Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: abnormalities in the awareness of action","volume":"31","author":"Frith","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2000.0734","article-title":"Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action","volume":"355","author":"Frith","year":"","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(99)01417-5","article-title":"Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science","volume":"4","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585670","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.585670","article-title":"Editorial: embodying tool use: from cognition to neurorehabilitation","volume":"14","author":"Galli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tgaa035","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgaa035","article-title":"Structural disconnection of the tool use network after left hemisphere stroke predicts limb apraxia severity","volume":"1","author":"Garcea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex Commun."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.017","article-title":"Shared neural substrates of apraxia and aphasia","volume":"75","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2457.003.0005","article-title":"Conscious intention and the sense of agency","volume-title":"Disorders of volition","author":"Haggard","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/nn827","article-title":"Voluntary action and conscious awareness","volume":"5","author":"Haggard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"The standard language test of aphasia (SLTA)","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"The supplementary tests for standard language test of aphasia (SLTA-ST)","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00040","article-title":"Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: a dissociation of ownership and agency","volume":"6","author":"Kalckert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.07.033","article-title":"The neural correlates of perceiving one\u2019s own movements","volume":"20","author":"Leube","year":"","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8100(03)00079-5","article-title":"Observing one\u2019s hand become anarchic: an fMRI study of action identification","volume":"12","author":"Leube","year":"","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0888439002239279","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the stroke impairment assessment set (SIAS)","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Method and device for diagnosing schizophrenia. International application no. PCT\/JP2016\/087182 (Japanese patent no. 6560765, 2019). Japan Patent Office.","author":"Maeda","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.10.021","article-title":"Aberrant sense of agency in patients with schizophrenia: forward and backward over-attribution of temporal causality during intentional action","volume":"198","author":"Maeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.04.017","article-title":"Reduced sense of agency in chronic schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms","volume":"209","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.03.001","article-title":"Cognitive aspects of motor control","volume":"57","author":"Mutha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.018","article-title":"Coordination deficits in ideomotor apraxia during visually targeted reaching reflect impaired visuomotor transformations","volume":"48","author":"Mutha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00709","article-title":"Distortion of visuo-motor temporal integration in apraxia: evidence from delayed visual feedback detection tasks and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping","volume":"9","author":"Nobusako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103794","article-title":"Altered sense of agency in children with developmental coordination disorder","volume":"107","author":"Nobusako","year":"","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2024.101503","article-title":"Developmental changes in the time window for the explicit sense of agency experienced across the lifespan","volume":"72","author":"Nobusako","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2020.100891","article-title":"The time window for sense of agency in school-age children is different from that in young adults","volume":"54","author":"Nobusako","year":"","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.49.2.474","article-title":"Selective deficit of praxis imagery in ideomotor apraxia","volume":"49","author":"Ochipa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00512-x","article-title":"Hierarchical analysis of the sense of agency in schizophrenia: motor control, control detection, and self-attribution","volume":"10","author":"Oi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. (Heidelb.)."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00087","article-title":"Is there really a loss of agency in patients with apraxia of tool use?","volume":"10","author":"Osiurak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab263","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab263","article-title":"Pantomime of tool use: looking beyond apraxia","volume":"3","author":"Osiurak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.03.010","article-title":"Definition: Limb apraxia","volume":"93","author":"Osiurak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219222","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219222","article-title":"The relationship and difference between delay detection ability and judgment of sense of agency","volume":"14","author":"Osumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020277","article-title":"The role of body in brain plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00751","article-title":"Loss of agency in apraxia","volume":"8","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00222","article-title":"Translating novel findings of perceptual-motor codes into the neuro-rehabilitation of movement disorders","volume":"9","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00309","article-title":"Action observation for neurorehabilitation in apraxia","volume":"10","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00227","article-title":"The effect of visual, spatial and temporal manipulations on embodiment and action","volume":"11","author":"Ratcliffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2028-6","article-title":"Detection of visual feedback delay in active and passive self-body movements","volume":"201","author":"Shimada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1160","article-title":"Altered awareness of voluntary action after damage to the parietal cortex","volume":"7","author":"Sirigu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901753165827","article-title":"Motor and visual imagery as two complementary but neurally dissociable mental processes","volume":"13","author":"Sirigu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1564","article-title":"The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage","volume":"273","author":"Sirigu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2007.03.010","article-title":"Beyond the comparator model: a multifactorial two-step account of agency","volume":"17","author":"Synofzik","year":"","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.03.008","article-title":"I move, therefore I am: a new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership","volume":"17","author":"Synofzik","year":"","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00127","article-title":"The experience of agency: an interplay between prediction and postdiction","volume":"4","author":"Synofzik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-2626(03)00147-7","article-title":"Selective deficit of motor imagery as tapped by a left-right decision of visually presented hands","volume":"53","author":"Tomasino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.213371","article-title":"A new bedside test of gestures in stroke: the apraxia screen of TULIA (AST)","volume":"82","author":"Vanbellingen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02741.x","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of gesture production: a new test of upper limb apraxia (TULIA)","volume":"17","author":"Vanbellingen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt302","article-title":"The medial frontal-prefrontal network for altered awareness and control of action in corticobasal syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Wolpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931","article-title":"An internal model for sensorimotor integration","volume":"269","author":"Wolpert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1597200\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T01:49:48Z","timestamp":1749779388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1597200\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1597200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1597200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"article-number":"1597200"}}