{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T22:14:06Z","timestamp":1784326446246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amid the ongoing global substance use crisis, prenatal health research has increasingly focused on the impact of both licit and illicit substance use on fetal development, and in particular brain development. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a critical non-invasive tool for investigating how such exposures influence the developing brain. In this review, we summarize findings from 25 peer-reviewed studies that leverage structural, functional, and diffusion MRI to examine the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol, opioids, methamphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, or cannabis. Particular attention was given to studies that paired infant MRI data with developmental outcomes. Existing research has implicated cortical and sub-cortical gray and white matter regions across substance exposures, with associations between MRI findings and developmental outcomes in infancy. We identify key limitations in the existing literature, including small sample sizes, lack of control for prematurity, sex, co-occurring exposures, limited developmental assessment, and insufficient longitudinal follow-up. We highlight the need for future research linking early neuroimaging findings to developmental outcomes, particularly in large, diverse, and nationally representative cohorts. Such work is essential for informing evidence-based policies, clinical guidelines, and targeted interventions for families impacted by prenatal substance exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1755668034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal substance exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a review of magnetic resonance imaging studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Leela","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy D.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra M.","family":"LaJeunesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly G.","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma W.","family":"Rapallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Planalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas C.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113621","article-title":"Prenatal opioid exposure and vulnerability to future substance use disorders in offspring","volume":"339","author":"Abu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2009.03.010","article-title":"Insults to the developing brain and impact on neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"42","author":"Adams-Chapman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2001.12.2.159","article-title":"Thalamocortical synaptic connections: efficacy, modulation, inhibition and plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Amitai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00005-8","article-title":"Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity?","volume":"27","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw306","article-title":"Complex trajectories of brain development in the healthy human fetus","volume":"27","author":"Andescavage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3306","article-title":"Protective factors can mitigate behavior problems after prenatal cocaine and other drug exposures","volume":"130","author":"Bada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211378","article-title":"Low birth weight and preterm births: etiologic fraction attributable to prenatal drug exposure","volume":"25","author":"Bada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0201","article-title":"Effect of maternal substance abuse on the fetus, neonate, and child","volume":"39","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley--III\u00ae) [Database record]","author":"Bayley","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2022.105406","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to Cannabis smoke induces early and lasting damage to the brain","volume":"160","author":"Benevenuto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24642","article-title":"Clinical and basic research investigations into the long-term effects of prenatal opioid exposure on brain development","volume":"100","author":"Boggess","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.09.001","article-title":"Modeling prenatal opioid exposure in animals: current findings and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Byrnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3350","article-title":"DTI values in key white matter tracts from infancy through adolescence","volume":"34","author":"Cancelliere","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2794","article-title":"Sex-specific alterations of white matter developmental trajectories in infants with prenatal exposure to methamphetamine and tobacco","volume":"73","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/19.200","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of Cannabis","volume":"25","author":"Chayasirisobhon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0385-3","article-title":"Prevalence of prenatal exposure to substances of abuse: questionnaire versus biomarkers","volume":"14","author":"Chiandetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190128","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0128","article-title":"Prenatal opioid exposure: neurodevelopmental consequences and future research priorities","volume":"144","author":"Conradt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0820","article-title":"Axial and radial diffusivity in preterm infants who have diffuse white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging at term-equivalent age","volume":"117","author":"Counsell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173358","article-title":"Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes","volume":"214","author":"De Genna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2009.03.001","article-title":"Neuroimaging of children following prenatal drug exposure","volume":"20","author":"Derauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02605-8","article-title":"Applications of advanced diffusion MRI in early brain development: a comprehensive review","volume":"228","author":"DiPiero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068","article-title":"The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability","volume":"342","author":"Dipietro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.08.010","article-title":"Effects of fetal substance exposure on offspring substance use","volume":"66","author":"Dodge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.12","article-title":"Neuroimaging effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing human brain: a magnetic resonance imaging review","volume":"27","author":"Donald","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9771-0","article-title":"Alcohol exposure in utero is associated with decreased gray matter volume in neonates","volume":"31","author":"Donald","year":"","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103572","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and white matter microstructural changes across the first 6-7 years of life: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study of a south African birth cohort","volume":"41","author":"Donald","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clinic."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12930","article-title":"Interhemispheric functional brain connectivity in neonates with prenatal alcohol exposure: preliminary findings","volume":"40","author":"Donald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.35","article-title":"A study of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on white matter microstructural integrity at birth","volume":"27","author":"Donald","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90052-Z","article-title":"Structural and functional effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in adult rat brain","volume":"57","author":"Dow-Edwards","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27192","article-title":"MRI of the neonatal brain: a review of methodological challenges and neuroscientific advances","volume":"53","author":"Dubois","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20048","article-title":"The Dubowitz neurological examination of the full-term newborn","volume":"11","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.09.017","article-title":"How prenatal exposures shape the infant brain: insights from infant neuroimaging studies","volume":"131","author":"Dufford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05266-w","article-title":"Glutamate receptors in brain development","volume":"37","author":"Egbenya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-120621-043414","article-title":"Prenatal substance exposure","volume":"5","author":"Eiden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.07.061","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and regional brain volumes in preterm infants","volume":"156","author":"Ekblad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"377","article-title":"Chapter 26\u2014pregnant women, prescription, and fetal risk","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","author":"El\u00e9fant","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200106000-00007","article-title":"Behavioral and neural consequences of prenatal exposure to nicotine","volume":"40","author":"Ernst","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) [Database record]","author":"Fagan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.01.005","article-title":"Stress- and glucocorticoid-induced priming of neuroinflammatory responses: potential mechanisms of stress-induced vulnerability to drugs of abuse","volume":"25","author":"Frank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12786","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12786","article-title":"Prenatal drug exposures and neurodevelopmental programming of glucocorticoid signaling","volume":"32","author":"Franks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz221","article-title":"The relationship between axon density, myelination, and fractional anisotropy in the human Corpus callosum","volume":"30","author":"Friedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7101a2","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and binge drinking during pregnancy among adults aged 18\u201349 years\u2014United States, 2018\u20132020","volume":"71","author":"Gosdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20049","article-title":"The Amiel-Tison neurological assessment at term: conceptual and methodological continuity in the course of follow-up","volume":"11","author":"Gosselin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.070","article-title":"Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy","volume":"101","author":"Grewen","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00601","article-title":"Functional connectivity disruption in neonates with prenatal marijuana exposure","volume":"9","author":"Grewen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.004","article-title":"Developmental changes in cerebral grey and white matter volume from infancy to adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Groeschel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1029842021000010884","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in central nervous system dysfunctions induced by prenatal ethanol exposure","volume":"4","author":"Guerri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20742","article-title":"Brain dysmyelination and recovery assessment by noninvasive in vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"83","author":"Harsan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0128","article-title":"Prenatal methamphetamine exposure: effects on child development","volume":"118","author":"Harst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220310016132","article-title":"Selective vulnerability of cerebellar granule neuroblasts and their progeny to drugs with abuse liability","volume":"2","author":"Hauser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.02.001","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: target symptoms and target mechanisms","volume":"111","author":"Heilig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.07.005","article-title":"Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain","volume":"14","author":"Hines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00650","article-title":"On development of functional brain connectivity in the young brain","volume":"7","author":"Hoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(99)01480-8","article-title":"Postnatal ethanol exposure blunts upregulation of GABAA receptor currents in Purkinje neurons","volume":"832","author":"Hsiao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170028","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0028","article-title":"The thalamus in drug addiction: from rodents to humans","volume":"373","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2011.628309","article-title":"Substance exposure in utero and developmental consequences in adolescence: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Irner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13363","article-title":"Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is related to smaller corpus callosum in newborn MRI scans","volume":"41","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000792","article-title":"Co-occurring substance use disorders identified among delivery hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Jarlenski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10387","article-title":"GABA in early brain development: a dual role review","volume":"84","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac112","article-title":"Neural alterations in opioid-exposed infants revealed by edge-centric brain functional networks","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0111-z","article-title":"Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging","volume":"44","author":"Kaczkurkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3521","article-title":"New MR imaging assessment tool to define brain abnormalities in very preterm infants at term","volume":"34","author":"Kidokoro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.014","article-title":"The effect of damage to the cerebellum on sensorimotor and cognitive function in children and adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Konczak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(92)90060-J","article-title":"Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways","volume":"13","author":"Koob","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00262","article-title":"Understanding addiction using animal models","volume":"13","author":"Kuhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.90","article-title":"Developmental and behavioral consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure: a review","volume":"32","author":"Lambert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204135119","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress and neonatal white matter connectivity at birth","volume":"119","author":"Lean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.097","article-title":"The development of brain white matter microstructure","volume":"182","author":"Lebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3778","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3778","article-title":"A review of diffusion MRI of typical white matter development from early childhood to young adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Lebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2071-x","article-title":"Associations between regional brain volumes at term-equivalent age and development at 2 years of age in preterm children","volume":"41","author":"Lind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.08.007","article-title":"Teratogenic effects of maternal drug abuse on developing brain and underlying neurotransmitter mechanisms","volume":"86","author":"Little","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2232-21.2022","article-title":"Evidence for the normalization effects of medication for opioid use disorder on functional connectivity in neonates with prenatal opioid exposure","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.03.023","article-title":"Alcohol and basal ganglia circuitry: animal models","volume":"122","author":"Lovinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.042","article-title":"Glutamate and GABA receptor signalling in the developing brain","volume":"130","author":"Luj\u00e1n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61465-y","article-title":"Functional development of the human cerebellum from birth to age five","volume":"16","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100856","article-title":"Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure and risk of brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging at term in infants born very preterm","volume":"5","author":"Mahabee-Gittens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.4","article-title":"Brain growth in the NICU: critical periods of tissue-specific expansion","volume":"83","author":"Matthews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01265-w","article-title":"Prenatal opioid exposure is associated with smaller brain volumes in multiple regions","volume":"90","author":"Merhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3474-4_157","article-title":"Nicotine pharmacology, abuse, and addiction","volume-title":"Neuroscience in the 21st century","author":"Miller","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.12.033","article-title":"Prenatal methadone exposure is associated with altered neonatal brain development","volume":"18","author":"Monnelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clinic."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.032","article-title":"Prenatal drug exposure from infancy through emerging adulthood: results from neuroimaging","volume":"198","author":"Morie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"e544","article-title":"The role of the mother-child relationship in developmental outcomes of infants and young children with and without prenatal alcohol exposure","volume":"18","author":"Motz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canad. J. Clinic. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107933","article-title":"Socioeconomic characteristics of women with substance use disorder during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in their newborns: a national registry study from the Czech Republic","volume":"209","author":"Mrav\u010d\u00edk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.01.011","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to substance of abuse: a worldwide problem","volume":"54","author":"Narkowicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2009.02020.x","article-title":"The role of inhibitory neurotransmission in locomotor circuits of the developing mammalian spinal cord","volume":"197","author":"Nishimaru","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.086","article-title":"Quantitative MRI in the very preterm brain: assessing tissue organization and myelination using magnetization transfer, diffusion tensor and T1 imaging","volume":"64","author":"Nossin-Manor","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1092509","article-title":"Cognitive function of youths born to mothers with opioid and poly-substance abuse problems during pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Nygaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13658","article-title":"Adult consequences of prenatal drug exposure","volume":"48","author":"Oei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2019.00033","article-title":"Early actions of neurotransmitters during cortex development and maturation of reprogrammed neurons","volume":"11","author":"Ojeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.04.002","article-title":"Feto-placental morphological effects of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse","volume":"34","author":"Ortigosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22430","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of prematurity: Normal brain development and the impact of preterm birth","volume":"28","author":"Ortinau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.017","article-title":"Delineation of early brain development from fetuses to infants with diffusion MRI and beyond","volume":"185","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01128-2","article-title":"Gray and white matter morphology in substance use disorders: a neuroimaging systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Pando-Naude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.939","article-title":"Regional brain volumes and their later neurodevelopmental correlates in term and preterm infants","volume":"111","author":"Peterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9","article-title":"Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24480","article-title":"Prenatal exposures and infant brain: review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and a population description analysis","volume":"40","author":"Pulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.023","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of normal white matter maturation from late childhood to young adulthood: voxel-wise evaluation of mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, radial and axial diffusivities, and correlation with reading development","volume":"41","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02552-3","article-title":"Resting state functional MRI in infants with prenatal opioid exposure\u2014a pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06457.x","article-title":"Pediatric neuroimaging in early childhood and infancy: challenges and practical guidelines","volume":"1252","author":"Raschle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.02.002","article-title":"Brain development during fetal life: influences of the intra-uterine environment","volume":"361","author":"Rees","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9166-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00277-8","article-title":"Structural and functional brain network alterations in prenatal alcohol exposed neonates","volume":"15","author":"Roos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.147","article-title":"Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn","volume":"40","author":"Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.1.124","article-title":"Prenatal nicotine exposure evokes alterations of cell structure in Hippocampus and somatosensory cortex","volume":"300","author":"Roy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2009.06.002","article-title":"Fetal effects of psychoactive drugs","volume":"36","author":"Salisbury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007","article-title":"Adolescent drug exposure: a review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function","volume":"156","author":"Salmanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25158","article-title":"Functional dissection of prenatal drug effects on baby brain and behavioral development","volume":"41","author":"Salzwedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2016.05.009","article-title":"Thalamocortical functional connectivity and behavioral disruptions in neonates with prenatal cocaine exposure","volume":"56","author":"Salzwedel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4333-14.2015","article-title":"Prenatal drug exposure affects neonatal brain functional connectivity","volume":"35","author":"Salzwedel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on drug use and health. (no. HHS publication no PEP20-07-01-001; NSDUH series H-55)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00213","article-title":"Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on the developing human brain: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies","volume":"12","author":"Sanjari Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.93","article-title":"Cortico-basal ganglia reward network: microcircuitry","volume":"35","author":"Sesack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2018.01.010","article-title":"Functional MRI in prenatally opioid-exposed children during a working memory-selective attention task","volume":"66","author":"Sirnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-013-1235-9","article-title":"Quantitative MRI for studying neonatal brain development","volume":"55","author":"Sled","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2016.05.010","article-title":"Prenatal marijuana exposure impacts executive functioning into young adulthood: an fMRI study","volume":"58","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1267","article-title":"Dysmyelination revealed through MRI as increased radial (but unchanged axial) diffusion of water","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0689-y","article-title":"Alcohol and drug use and the developing brain","volume":"18","author":"Squeglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940904000110","article-title":"The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development","volume":"40","author":"Squeglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W26","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11365","article-title":"Diffusion kurtosis imaging: an emerging technique for evaluating the microstructural environment of the brain","volume":"202","author":"Steven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4","article-title":"The basics of brain development","volume":"20","author":"Stiles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.3.1167","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor modulation of synapses received by cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"83","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200302","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202020200302","article-title":"Prevalence of illicit drug use during pregnancy: a global perspective","volume":"92","author":"Tavella","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22620","article-title":"A DTI-based tractography study of effects on brain structure associated with prenatal alcohol exposure in newborns","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150123","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0123","article-title":"An examination of sex differences in the effects of early-life opiate and alcohol exposure","volume":"371","author":"Terasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.12.013","article-title":"Long-term behavioral consequences of prenatal MDMA exposure","volume":"96","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brain development and the role of experience in the early years","volume":"30","author":"Tierney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zero to Three"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes4030014","article-title":"Influence of prenatal methamphetamine abuse on the brain","volume":"4","author":"Tom\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenomes"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.05.011","article-title":"The term newborn: prenatal substance exposure","volume":"48","author":"Townsel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.11.040","article-title":"Substance exposure and adverse neonatal outcomes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"256","author":"Umer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref131","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcae001","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae001","article-title":"Impact of prenatal marijuana exposure on adolescent brain structural and functional connectivity and behavioural outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Vishnubhotla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.04.008","article-title":"Neural tract development of infants born to methadone-maintained mothers","volume":"47","author":"Walhovd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718811060","article-title":"Historical review: opiate addiction and opioid receptors","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2017.10.005","article-title":"Prenatal methamphetamine exposure is associated with reduced subcortical volumes in neonates","volume":"65","author":"Warton","year":"","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14672","article-title":"Maternal choline supplementation mitigates alcohol exposure effects on neonatal brain volumes","volume":"45","author":"Warton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0135-9","article-title":"Prenatal methamphetamine exposure is associated with corticostriatal white matter changes in neonates","volume":"33","author":"Warton","year":"","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22784","article-title":"Reduced fractional anisotropy in projection, association, and commissural fiber networks in neonates with prenatal methamphetamine exposure","volume":"80","author":"Warton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.06.004","article-title":"Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual\u2013motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer","volume":"32","author":"Willford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/63389","article-title":"Review of current neuroimaging studies of the effects of prenatal drug exposure: brain structure and function","volume-title":"Recent advances in drug addiction research and clinical applications","author":"Willford","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00092","article-title":"Understanding the physiopathology behind axial and radial diffusivity changes\u2014what do we know?","volume":"9","author":"Winklewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1285-22.2022","article-title":"Spatiotemporal atlas of the fetal brain depicts cortical developmental gradient","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2248055","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.48055","article-title":"Trends in self-reported and biochemically verified cocaine and methamphetamine use among pregnant individuals in northern California, 2011-2019","volume":"5","author":"Young-Wolff","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.111","article-title":"Do maternal opioids reduce neonatal regional brain volumes? A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","article-title":"NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1717377","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613084\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T14:31:31Z","timestamp":1760625091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613084\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":145,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613084","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1717377","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"article-number":"1613084"}}