{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:09:31Z","timestamp":1784819371159,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) employing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have shown promising results. However, the mechanism(s) by which TMS produces improved outcomes in AUD are not established. The goal of these secondary analyses was to assess for longitudinal changes in brain volumes and neurometabolites in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)\u2014the stimulation site\u2014across two published RCTs evaluating intermittent theta burst (iTBS) as an adjunct treatment for AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Veterans with AUD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f44) were recruited from a residential treatment program at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. Participants in this report were in RCTs evaluating the efficacy of iTBS for the treatment of AUD. Across studies, 21 participants were randomized to active iTBS and 23 to sham iTBS (2\u20133 iTBS active or sham sessions\/day), delivered over approximately 2\u202fweeks. Bilateral volumes of the rostral and caudal middle frontal and superior frontal gyri left DLPFC neurometabolites were quantitated pre- and post-iTBS sessions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the 2-week assessment interval, significant volume increases were observed, collapsed across groups, in the bilateral rostral and caudal middle frontal and superior frontal gyri, as well as in the left DLPFC choline-containing compounds. No group (active vs. sham) \u00d7 time (2-week assessment interval) interactions were apparent for any measure. Preliminary simple effect tests for volumes indicated that the active group demonstrated significant increases in the bilateral rostral and caudal middle frontal and superior frontal gyri, while the sham group only showed significantly increased left superior frontal volume. Preliminary simple effect tests for metabolites indicated that the active group had significant increases in left DLPFC choline-containing and creatine-containing compounds, and sham showed no significant metabolite changes. In the active group, a higher number of iTBS pulses delivered at the target treatment level was significantly associated with greater increases in left DLPFC n-acetylaspartate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provided novel preliminary indications that iTBS promoted adaptive structural and neurometabolic changes in the left DLPFC site of stimulation in those with AUD. Replication of these findings in a larger sample and examination of other neuroimaging-based markers of TMS-induced neurobiological changes are critical to informing modifications of existing TMS protocols to maximize durable positive treatment outcomes in those with AUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1613993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T05:29:45Z","timestamp":1753162185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of intermittent theta burst to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on brain volumes and neurometabolites in people with alcohol use disorder: a preliminary investigation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Durazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Beauregard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric P.","family":"Kraybill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D. 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