{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:30:30Z","timestamp":1764657030760,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Hospital Dalian Medical University","award":["2022JCXKZD03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JCXKZD03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the eye movement behavior characteristics and associated brain functional activity changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients during a complex visual task, using virtual reality (VR) eye movement tasks combined with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 27 PD patients and 29 healthy controls were included in the study. Participants performed a \u201cWhack-a-Mole\u201d eye movement task on a VR platform. Fixation time and task error rates were recorded, and fNIRS was used to measure changes in brain oxygenation. The differences in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in brain regions between PD patients and healthy controls were assessed during task performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The PD group exhibited a significantly higher task error rate compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.02), and a significantly longer mean fixation time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001). fNIRS results revealed that the PD group had considerably higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the bilateral primary visual cortex (V1), visual association cortex, primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and auditory cortex compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD patients exhibit significant eye movement behavioral impairments during the execution of complex visual tasks, accompanied by compensatory brain functional activation in relevant brain regions. These findings provide important insights for the early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1624668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:26:54Z","timestamp":1764656814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain functional activity of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients under a virtual reality eye movement task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yanzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongzhong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010282","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectrometry as a useful diagnostic tool for understanding the visual system: a review","volume":"13","author":"Acu\u00f1a","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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