{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:37:19Z","timestamp":1763015839477,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment is a prevalent nonmotor symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), significantly affecting patients\u2019 quality of life. Considering the gap in understanding the relationship between cognitive impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease and executive function, this study aimed to investigate the association between three cognitive statutes: normal cognition condition (PD-NCC), mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and mild dementia (PDD), and the performance of the Anterior Attentional System in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 96 participants with Parkinson\u2019s disease (45 with PD-NCC, 39 with PD-MCI, and 12 with PDD) and 46 participants from control group, recruited between 2020 and 2023. MDS-UPDRS was used during the neurological examination. To assess cognitive status, we used: Mini-Mental State Examination, Californian Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, Rey Complex Figure, and Trail Making Test (A and B form). The ROtman Baycrest Battery was employed to evaluate the Anterior Attentional System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with PDD exhibited significant impairments in the Anterior Attentional System. Energization impairment was observed in PD-MCI and PDD, though mildly. Monitoring and task-setting processes were notably impaired only in individuals with PDD, while these functions remained intact in those with PD-NCC and PD-MCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Anterior Attentional System is well-preserved in PD-NCC and PD-MCI however notably disturbed in PDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1695299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:29:46Z","timestamp":1763015386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anterior attentional system efficacy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cross-sectional study in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Paulina Beata","family":"Goli\u0144ska-Drobienko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ucja","family":"Bieleninik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Schinwelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Bidzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.387","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study","volume":"60","author":"Aarsland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140612102321","article-title":"Executive function impairments in patients with depression","volume":"13","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS & Neurol Disorders"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27902","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical aspects of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Baiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(01)00125-1","article-title":"California verbal learning test-second edition: D. Delis, J. Kramer, E. Kaplan, B. Ober. San Antonio, TX","volume":"17","author":"Ba\u00f1os","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Corporation Archives Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.9.1178","article-title":"Reaction times and attention in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"50","author":"Bloxham","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e31815b0de2","article-title":"Frontal-Subcortical Dementias","volume":"14","author":"Bonelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0168-1","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Bosboom","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.390","article-title":"Administration and interpretation of the trail making test","volume":"1","author":"Bowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Skala Inteligencji D. Wechslera dla Doros\u0142ych. Wersja Zrewidowana - Renormalizacja WAIS-R","author":"Brzezi\u0144ski","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000093378","article-title":"Education and dementia: a Meta-analytic study","volume":"26","author":"Caama\u00f1o-Isorna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"ORDINAL: Regression Models for Ordinal Data. R package version 2023.12\u20134.1","author":"Christensen","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf052","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of high-level cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the role of the prefrontal cortex revealed by PET","volume":"125","author":"Cools","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12028","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"7","author":"Dirnberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","article-title":"The Parkinson pandemic\u2014a call to action","volume":"75","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.23.1.74.1217","article-title":"Brain imaging of attentional networks in normal and pathological states","volume":"23","author":"Fernandez-Duque","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060110016","article-title":"The Mini-mental state examination","volume":"40","author":"Folstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21198","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081013","article-title":"The Anterior Attentional\u2013Intentional System in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Pilot and Feasibility Study","volume":"11","author":"Goli\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Study. Brain Sciences,"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.05.005","article-title":"Disorders of the anterior attentional-intentional system in patients with end stage renal disease: evidence from reaction time studies","volume":"107","author":"Harciarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121001074","article-title":"Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12646","article-title":"The clinical meaning of levodopa equivalent daily dose in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Julien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.09.008","article-title":"Variable foreperiod deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: dissociation across reflexive and voluntary behaviors","volume":"58","author":"Jurkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029254","article-title":"Executive functioning in daily life in Parkinson\u2019s disease: initiative, planning and multi-task performance","volume":"6","author":"Koerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.10.002","article-title":"Complaints about impairments in executive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the association with neuropsychological assessment","volume":"18","author":"Koerts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23868","article-title":"Executive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kudlicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref1002","first-page":"33267","article-title":"Sample Size Justification.","volume-title":"Collabra: Psychology","author":"Lakens","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.04.049","article-title":"Fronto-striatal connections in the human brain: a probabilistic diffusion tractography study","volume":"419","author":"Leh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00118-0","article-title":"Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals","volume":"41","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24893","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: movement disorder society task force guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Litvan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Podstawy neuropsychologii","author":"Luria","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.009","article-title":"Implicit task sequence learning in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, frontal lesions and amnesia: the critical role of fronto\u2013striatal loops","volume":"51","author":"Meier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610296002505","article-title":"The geriatric depression scale: a review of its development and utility","volume":"8","author":"Montorio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090614","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Muslimovi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03167","article-title":"Visualizations with statistical details: the \u201cggstatsplot\u201d approach","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001895","article-title":"Executive function, but not memory, associates with incident coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"85","author":"Rostamian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn054","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and striato-frontal dopamine release in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Sawamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.115","article-title":"Clinical and empirical applications of the Rey\u2013Osterrieth complex figure test","volume":"1","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2096","article-title":"Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?","volume":"362","author":"Stuss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.010","article-title":"Multiple frontal systems controlling response speed","volume":"43","author":"Stuss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38140.x","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to anterior attentional functions","volume":"769","author":"Stuss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj163","article-title":"Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation","volume":"17","author":"Vallesi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.12.041","article-title":"Abnormal fronto-striatal functional connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"613","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00146965-200312000-00001","article-title":"A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson\u2019s disease: relationship to Frontostriatal circuitry","volume":"16","author":"Zgaljardic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1695299\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:29:48Z","timestamp":1763015388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1695299\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1695299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1695299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"article-number":"1695299"}}