{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:38:04Z","timestamp":1790710684787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011501","name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-SF-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-SF-116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the immediate effects of a single bout of virtual reality (VR) aerobic exercise versus traditional aerobic exercise on depressive mood in middle-school students and to explore the underlying Electroencephalogram (EEG) microstate and power-spectrum mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty middle-school students were classified into depressed and healthy groups based on the PHQ-9 and completed 15 min of moderate-intensity conventional cycling and VR cycling in a crossover design. Mood was assessed with the Brief Mood Scale (BFS) before and after each intervention, and resting-state EEG was recorded. EEG signals were processed using power spectrum analysis and microstate analysis, and correlation analysis was conducted between BFS questionnaire scores and microstate parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both interventions significantly increased vigor and pleasure while reducing depression and lethargy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001); VR was superior to traditional cycling in improving vigor, depression, and lethargy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01). At baseline, the depressed group showed elevated occurrence and contribution of microstate C with abnormal centroids. After exercise, microstate distributions normalized in both groups; VR specifically reduced microstate C occurrence (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), prolonged microstate D duration (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and enhanced B \u2192 C and D \u2192 B transitions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Post-VR B \u2192 C transition rate correlated negatively with depression (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.462), whereas microstate D occurrence correlated positively with pleasure (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.450). Relative theta, alpha, and beta power decreased after exercise (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01), without additional VR-mediated power-spectrum gains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single bout of VR-assisted aerobic exercise more effectively enhances immediate mood in middle-school students with depressive symptoms than traditional cycling, likely owing to stronger modulation of microstate dynamics linked to emotion and attention networks and of oscillatory activity in specific frequency bands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1706793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1768205652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain neural mechanisms underlying VR enhanced aerobic exercise for mood enhancement in depressed adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puyan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad5d17","article-title":"From lab to life: Assessing the impact of real-world interactions on the operation of rapid serial visual presentation-based brain-computer interfaces.","volume":"21","author":"Ahsan Awais","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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