{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T06:19:20Z","timestamp":1775110760249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integration of written and spoken information is crucial for reading acquisition. Correspondingly, individuals with reading difficulties exhibit deficiencies in audiovisual (AV) congruency processing. The timeline of AV congruency processing in children and the influence of reading skills on this process, however, remain largely unclear. Therefore, we examined when and how reading skills modulate AV congruency processing for orthographic (words, pseudowords) and non-orthographic conditions (objects).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-two native German-speaking 2nd and 3rd graders completed an explicit task involving the matching of AV congruent and incongruent orthographic and non-orthographic stimuli, while EEG was recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Behaviorally, poorer reading skills were associated with lower performance and slower responses for orthographic conditions. Neurally, topographic EEG analyses revealed congruency effects emerging after 300\u202fms for orthographic conditions and around 200\u202fms for objects. ERP analyses showed that reading skills modulated the N400 incongruency effect more strongly for orthographic than non-orthographic stimuli.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, poorer reading skills were associated with slower AV matching and a weaker N400 incongruency effect for orthographic conditions. These findings suggest that while reading skills might not broadly affect AV congruency processing, they critically impact the AV congruency processing of orthographic information, potentially hindering struggling readers\u2019 ability to effectively use preceding auditory information to process print.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1679579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1775107547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reading skills modulate the audiovisual congruency effect in orthographic processing in children: an ERP study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Christina G.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seline","family":"Coraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Family Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Center for Neurodevelopment, Growth, and Nutrition of the Newborn, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Kressebuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah V.","family":"Di Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iliana I.","family":"Karipidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Brem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Child Behavior Profile","author":"Achenbach","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.012","article-title":"Congruency of auditory sounds and visual letters modulates mismatch negativity and P300 event-related potentials","volume":"79","author":"Andres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.02.010","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of impaired reading in dyslexic pre-adolescent children","volume":"79","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.11.007","article-title":"Lexical and sublexical orthographic processing: an ERP study with skilled and dyslexic adult readers","volume":"141","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.03.009","article-title":"A lab-controlled simulation of a letter\u2013speech sound binding deficit in dyslexia","volume":"115","author":"Aravena","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.08.005","article-title":"Audiovisual integration in noise by children and adults","volume":"105","author":"Barutchu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027444","article-title":"Effects of an auditory signal on visual reaction time","volume":"80","author":"Bernstein","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.12.007","article-title":"A funny thing happened on the way to articulation: N400 attenuation despite behavioral interference in picture naming","volume":"123","author":"Blackford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308","article-title":"Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children","volume":"133","author":"Blau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.065","article-title":"Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and Reading deficits in adult dyslexia","volume":"19","author":"Blau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06350.x","article-title":"Task-irrelevant visual letters interact with the processing of speech sounds in heteromodal and unimodal cortex","volume":"28","author":"Blau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.003","article-title":"The neural signature of orthographic\u2013phonological binding in successful and failing reading development","volume":"57","author":"Blomert","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.025","article-title":"Multi-sensory learning and learning to read","volume":"77","author":"Blomert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0b013e31826203ac","article-title":"Understanding the comorbidity between dyslexia and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Boada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904402107","article-title":"Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter\u2013speech sound correspondences","volume":"107","author":"Brem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3021-20.2021","article-title":"Reading-related brain changes in audiovisual processing: cross-sectional and longitudinal MEG evidence","volume":"41","author":"Caffarra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000913000494","article-title":"Morphological priming in child German","volume":"41","author":"Clahsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10129","article-title":"The N400 in beginning readers","volume":"43","author":"Coch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12567","article-title":"N1 and P2 to words and wordlike stimuli in late elementary school children and adults","volume":"53","author":"Coch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch1","volume-title":"The Science of Reading: A Handbook","author":"Coltheart","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195696","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1195696","article-title":"Guessing errors made by children with dyslexia in word and text reading","volume":"15","author":"De Rom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.07.097","article-title":"Children with reading difficulties show differences in brain regions associated with orthographic processing during spoken language processing","volume":"1356","author":"Desroches","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00303.2011","article-title":"The co-occurrence of multisensory facilitation and cross-modal conflict in the human brain","volume":"106","author":"Diaconescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098903200201","article-title":"Grapheme context effects on phonemic processing","volume":"32","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lang. Speech"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573508324458","article-title":"Test review: Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2003). RIAS: Reynolds intellectual assessment scales. Lutz, FL: psychological assessment resources, Inc","volume":"23","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035947","article-title":"Assessing the speed-accuracy trade-off effect on the capacity of information processing","volume":"40","author":"Donkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.07.045","article-title":"Event-related potentials in clinical research: guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400","volume":"120","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"PPVT-4: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test \u2013 4. Ausgabe","author":"Dunn","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03195595","article-title":"WordGen: a tool for word selection and nonword generation in Dutch, English, German, and French","volume":"36","author":"Duyck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.733494","article-title":"Predicting Reading from behavioral and neural measures \u2013 a longitudinal event-related potential study","volume":"12","author":"Eberhard-Moscicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.014","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of early visual word processing - early versus late N1 sensitivity in children and adults","volume":"91","author":"Eberhard-Moscicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Schubi PicCollection 2","author":"Eger","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"163","article-title":"Sight word learning in normal readers and dyslexics","volume-title":"Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications for early intervention","author":"Ehri","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0902_4","article-title":"Learning to read words: theory, findings, and issues","volume":"9","author":"Ehri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Reading"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02507.x","article-title":"Grapheme\u2013phoneme correspondence in dyslexic and matched control readers","volume":"85","author":"Fox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.887413","article-title":"Visual occipito-temporal N1 sensitivity to digits across elementary school","volume":"16","author":"Fraga-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.100958","article-title":"The rise and fall of rapid occipito-temporal sensitivity to letters: transient specialization through elementary school","volume":"49","author":"Fraga-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1119242025","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1119-24.2025","article-title":"Toward a mechanistic understanding of reading difficulties: deviant audiovisual learning dynamics and network connectivity in children with poor reading skills","volume":"45","author":"Frei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11001841","article-title":"Towards a universal model of reading","volume":"35","author":"Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(88)90018-6","article-title":"Can speech perception be influenced by simultaneous presentation of print?","volume":"27","author":"Frost","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21061","article-title":"The long road to automation: neurocognitive development of letter\u2013speech sound processing","volume":"21","author":"Froyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2010.00009","article-title":"Exploring the role of low level visual processing in letter-speech sound integration: a visual MMN study","volume":"4","author":"Froyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.10.014","article-title":"Cross-modal enhancement of the MMN to speech-sounds indicates early and automatic integration of letters and speech-sounds","volume":"430","author":"Froyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01007.x","article-title":"Evidence for a specific cross-modal association deficit in dyslexia: an electrophysiological study of letter\u2013speech sound processing","volume":"14","author":"Froyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-3445.118.1.13","article-title":"Context effects in stroop-like word and picture processing","volume":"118","author":"Glaser","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2020.1776290","article-title":"Connected phonation is more effective than segmented phonation for teaching beginning readers to decode unfamiliar words","volume":"25","author":"Gonzalez-Frey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12977","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12977","article-title":"Temporal representation impairment in developmental dyslexia for unisensory and multisensory stimuli","volume":"23","author":"Gori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.005","article-title":"Perception of patterns of musical beat distribution in phonological developmental dyslexia: significant longitudinal relations with word reading and reading comprehension","volume":"49","author":"Goswami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.29.6.1256","article-title":"Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities","volume":"29","author":"Grainger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.04.043","article-title":"Daily modulation of the speed\u2013accuracy trade-off","volume":"356","author":"Gueugneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.007","article-title":"Impairments of multisensory integration and cross-sensory learning as pathways to dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2387-6","article-title":"Altered temporal profile of visual\u2013auditory multisensory interactions in dyslexia","volume":"166","author":"Hairston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.01.029","article-title":"Multisensory integration and attention in developmental dyslexia","volume":"24","author":"Harrar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.001","article-title":"N300 indexes deficient integration of orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia","volume":"50","author":"Hasko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.12.003","article-title":"The N400 effect in children: relationships with comprehension, vocabulary and decoding","volume":"117","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.01.069","article-title":"Cortical oscillations related to processing congruent and incongruent grapheme\u2013phoneme pairs","volume":"399","author":"Herdman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2008.10.005","article-title":"Dissociating verbal and nonverbal audiovisual object processing","volume":"108","author":"Hocking","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/01690969308407583","article-title":"Cross-modal semantic priming: a time-course analysis using event-related brain potentials","volume":"8","author":"Holcomb","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00348.x","article-title":"An electrophysiological study of cross-modal repetition priming","volume":"42","author":"Holcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282691","article-title":"The relationship between musical training and the processing of audiovisual correspondences: evidence from a reaction time task","volume":"18","author":"Ihalainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.07.017","article-title":"Object-based auditory facilitation of visual search for pictures and words with frequent and rare targets","volume":"137","author":"Iordanescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-013-0336-4","article-title":"Integration of spoken and written words in beginning readers: a topographic ERP study","volume":"27","author":"Jost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2009.07.001","article-title":"An event-related potential study of cross-modal morphological and phonological priming","volume":"22","author":"Justus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EL6\u2013EL12","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5049363","article-title":"Reading ability influences native and non-native voice recognition even for unimpaired readers","volume":"144","author":"Kadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.03.009","article-title":"Different neural processes underlie visual speech perception in school-age children and adults: an event-related potentials study","volume":"184","author":"Kaganovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24909-8","article-title":"Simulating reading acquisition: the link between reading outcome and multimodal brain signatures of letter\u2013speech sound learning in prereaders","volume":"8","author":"Karipidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.750491","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of letter and speech sound integration during Reading acquisition","volume":"12","author":"Karipidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23437","article-title":"Neural initialization of audiovisual integration in prereaders at varying risk for developmental dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Karipidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.003","article-title":"ERP differences of pre-lexical processing between dyslexic and non-dyslexic children","volume":"77","author":"Kast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960600652471","article-title":"Masked cross-modal repetition priming: an event-related potential investigation","volume":"22","author":"Kiyonaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Process."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/938925","article-title":"Ragu: a free tool for the analysis of EEG and MEG event-related scalp field data using global randomization statistics","volume":"2011","author":"Koenig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00010-0","article-title":"Learning disorders","volume":"21","author":"Kronenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.024","article-title":"The level of audiovisual print\u2013speech integration deficits in dyslexia","volume":"62","author":"Kronschnabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.131123","article-title":"Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP)","volume":"62","author":"Kutas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/307161a0","article-title":"Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association","volume":"307","author":"Kutas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"325","article-title":"A preliminary comparison of the N400 response to semantic anomalies during reading, listening and signing","volume":"39","author":"Kutas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300306","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the adult reading history questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"Lefly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90419-8","article-title":"Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields","volume":"48","author":"Lehmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"ELFE II: ein Leseverst\u00e4ndnistest f\u00fcr Erst-bis Siebtkl\u00e4ssler-Version II","author":"Lenhard","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041669520981096","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669520981096","article-title":"Semantic congruency modulates the effect of attentional load on the audiovisual integration of animate images and sounds","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iperception"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.06.009","article-title":"Cross-modal priming effect based on short-term experience of ecologically unrelated audio-visual information: an event-related potential study","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.12.010","article-title":"The odd one out\u2013orthographic oddball processing in children with poor versus typical reading skills in a fast periodic visual stimulation EEG paradigm","volume":"172","author":"Lutz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.480916","article-title":"Development of visual expertise for reading: rapid emergence of visual familiarity for an artificial script","volume":"35","author":"Maurer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-1-13","article-title":"Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response","volume":"1","author":"Maurer","year":"","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1162\/089892905774597218","article-title":"Emerging neurophysiological specialization for letter strings","volume":"17","author":"Maurer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.025","article-title":"Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read","volume":"33","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-021-10166-1","article-title":"Effects of German reading skills and bilingualism on early learning of English as a foreign language in primary school children","volume":"34","author":"Maurer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Read. Write."},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Single-word Reading","author":"Maurer","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.055","article-title":"The development of print tuning in children with dyslexia: evidence from longitudinal ERP data supported by fMRI","volume":"57","author":"Maurer","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"101","article-title":"Kapitel 5 Diagnose der orthografischen Kompetenz\u2013von der HSP zur DSP","volume":"93","author":"May","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagnostik von Rechtschreibleistungen und-kompetenz"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"DIDEON\u00ae pr\u00e4sentiert: schreib.on, ein computergest\u00fctztes System zur Diagnose der orthographischen Kompetenz von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen","author":"May","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/264746a0","article-title":"Hearing lips and seeing voices","volume":"264","author":"McGurk","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht100","article-title":"Multimodal lexical processing in auditory cortex is literacy skill dependent","volume":"24","author":"McNorgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.467","article-title":"Rapid automatized naming (RAN) as a kindergarten predictor of future reading in English: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"McWeeny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Read. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12085","article-title":"Audiovisual attention boosts letter-speech sound integration","volume":"50","author":"Mittag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802631684","article-title":"RAN is not a measure of orthographic processing. Evidence from the asymmetric German orthography","volume":"13","author":"Moll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103537","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103537","article-title":"Specific learning disorder: prevalence and gender differences","volume":"9","author":"Moll","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref99","volume-title":"Lese-und Rechtschreibtest (SLRT-II). Weiterentwicklung des Salzburger Lese-und Rechtschreibtests (SLRT), 2., korrigierte Auflage mit erweiterten Normen","author":"Moll","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3810001","article-title":"The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic equivalent (MMNm)","volume":"38","author":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12423","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12423","article-title":"Are the literacy difficulties that characterize developmental dyslexia associated with a failure to integrate letters and speech sounds?","volume":"20","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.1.15","article-title":"N400 to semantically anomalous pictures and words","volume":"4","author":"Nigam","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2015.09.002","article-title":"Rapid modulation of spoken word recognition by visual primes","volume":"37","author":"Okano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7275\/qf69-7k43","article-title":"The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them)","volume":"9","author":"Osborne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031963","article-title":"Language ability predicts the development of behavior problems in children","volume":"122","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00393","article-title":"Letter and speech sound Association in Emerging Readers with Familial Risk of dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Plewko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.044","article-title":"How reading differs from object naming at the neuronal level","volume":"29","author":"Price","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12607","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12607","article-title":"The development of morphological representations in young readers: a cross-modal priming study","volume":"21","author":"Qu\u00e9mart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(00)00138-0","article-title":"Audiovisual integration of letters in the human brain","volume":"28","author":"Raij","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref109","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90036-X","article-title":"Printed word learning in beginning readers","volume":"36","author":"Reitsma","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref111","volume-title":"RIAS: Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales","author":"Reynolds","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-021-00118-3","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in cortical responses to letter-speech sound stimuli in 8\u201311 year-old children","volume":"7","author":"Romanovska","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2007.08.005","article-title":"Increased event-related potential latency and amplitude variability in schizophrenia detected through wavelet-based single trial analysis","volume":"66","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40277-3","article-title":"A fine-grained time course investigation of brain dynamics during conflict monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-011-0249-9","article-title":"Audiovisual interactions depend on context of congruency","volume":"74","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0528-1","article-title":"Childlex: a lexical database of German read by children","volume":"47","author":"Schroeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043","article-title":"Dyslexia (specific reading disability)","volume":"57","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.12.004","article-title":"Gradient effects of reading ability on the auditory brainstem response to speech","volume":"167","author":"Skoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.01.012","article-title":"Developmental aspects of automatic word processing: language lateralization of early ERP components in children, young adults and middle-aged subjects","volume":"80","author":"Spironelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Handbuch: Elternfragebogen \u00fcber das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z\u00fcrcher Ergebnisse zur Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13908","article-title":"Multisensory integration of speech sounds with letters vs. visual speech: only visual speech induces the mismatch negativity","volume":"47","author":"Stekelenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3507-3","article-title":"Multisensory temporal integration: task and stimulus dependencies","volume":"227","author":"Stevenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63437","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.63437","article-title":"Appraising linguistic and reading impairments in Kannada-speaking persons with central alexia","volume":"16","author":"Swamy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00433","article-title":"The Acquisition of Orthographic Knowledge: evidence from the lexicality effects on N400","volume":"8","author":"Tzeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref123","volume-title":"Kompetenzmodelle der Orthographie. Empirische Befunde und f\u00f6rderdiagnostische M\u00f6glichkeiten","author":"Valtin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl007","article-title":"The effect of temporal asynchrony on the multisensory integration of letters and speech sounds","volume":"17","author":"van Atteveldt","year":"","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.06.025","article-title":"Integration of letters and speech sounds in the human brain","volume":"43","author":"van Atteveldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.065","article-title":"Top\u2013down task effects overrule automatic multisensory responses to letter\u2013sound pairs in auditory association cortex","volume":"36","author":"van Atteveldt","year":"","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12504","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12504","article-title":"Audio-visual speech in noise perception in dyslexia","volume":"21","author":"van Laarhoven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1604","article-title":"N1 lateralization and dyslexia: an event-related potential study in children with a familial risk of dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"van Setten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408949102","article-title":"Visual speech speeds up the neural processing of auditory speech","volume":"102","author":"van Wassenhove","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.723404","article-title":"ERP correlates of altered orthographic-phonological processing in dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Varga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00289","article-title":"Development of print-speech integration in the brain of beginning readers with varying Reading skills","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref131","volume-title":"WISC-V Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00060","article-title":"Mapping symbols to sounds: electrophysiological correlates of the impaired Reading process in dyslexia","volume":"3","author":"Widmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref133","volume-title":"Salzburger Lese-Screening f\u00fcr die Schulstufen 2\u20139: SLS 2\u20139","author":"Wimmer","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05471-1","article-title":"Semantic congruent audiovisual integration during the encoding stage of working memory: an ERP and sLORETA study","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.05.017","article-title":"Audiovisual speech integration in the superior temporal region is dysfunctional in dyslexia","volume":"356","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f97881","article-title":"Cognitive conflict in audiovisual integration: an event-related potential study","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1664-6","article-title":"The dog\u2019s meow: asymmetrical interaction in cross-modal object recognition","volume":"193","author":"Yuval-Greenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110337","article-title":"Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds in dyslexic children scales with individual differences in reading fluency","volume":"9","author":"\u017dari\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00369","article-title":"Crossmodal deficit in dyslexic children: practice affects the neural timing of letter-speech sound integration","volume":"9","author":"\u017dari\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00660","article-title":"Fine neural tuning for orthographic properties of words emerges early in children Reading alphabetic script","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03194031","article-title":"Orthographic facilitation and phonological inhibition in spoken word recognition: a developmental study","volume":"14","author":"Ziegler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1679579\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:25:53Z","timestamp":1775107553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1679579\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":145,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1679579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1679579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"article-number":"1679579"}}