{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:32:29Z","timestamp":1788863549583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) refers to listening difficulties in individuals with normal hearing thresholds but impaired processing of auditory information. Despite decades of research, its diagnostic validity in childhood remains highly debated. This narrative review critically examines the conceptual foundations, methodological limitations, and clinical implications of APD, with the goal of promoting more functional and interdisciplinary approaches to auditory assessment. National and international literature, including professional guidelines, systematic reviews, and observational studies, was reviewed to analyze diagnostic definitions, criteria, assessment instruments, overlap with other neurodevelopmental disorders, and implications for clinical decision-making. The findings reveal considerable heterogeneity across diagnostic criteria and testing protocols, leading to wide variability in reported prevalence. Many assessment tools were originally designed for adults and lack developmental calibration or psychometric validation for children, which limits diagnostic reliability. In addition, there is significant overlap between APD and other neurodevelopmental conditions such as developmental language disorder, dyslexia, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and learning difficulties, which challenges the specificity and clinical validity of the construct. Although international guidelines recognize these inconsistencies, their implementation in clinical practice remains fragmented, producing variable and sometimes inconclusive diagnostic outcomes. Current evidence provides limited support for APD as a distinct diagnostic entity in childhood. A shift toward functional, ecologically valid, and interdisciplinary assessment is needed. Integrating behavioral, cognitive, linguistic, and neurophysiological measures may improve the ability to differentiate developmental variability from genuine auditory dysfunction. Such an approach emphasizes functionality over categorization, supports ethical and evidence-based clinical practice, and enhances the precision and effectiveness of interventions for children with listening difficulties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1715787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:33:12Z","timestamp":1775626392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Auditory Processing Disorder in childhood: a critical appraisal of diagnostic validity, functional assessment, and interdisciplinary practice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar Claudino","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, UNESC","place":["Crici\u00fama, Brazil"]},{"name":"Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i","place":["Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"]},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Neurologia e Neuroci\u00eancia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF","place":["Niter\u00f3i, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Glia \u2013 Neurologia e Neurodesenvolvimento","place":["Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues","family":"Masruha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neuroci\u00eancia do Esp\u00edrito Santo","place":["Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000441034.02052.0a","article-title":"Assessment of children with suspected auditory processing disorder: a factor analysis study","volume":"35","author":"Ahmmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103139","article-title":"Altered brain network topology in children with auditory processing disorder: a resting-state multi-echo fMRI study","volume":"35","author":"Alvand","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref3","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA: a scale for the assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. 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