{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1792693291907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022WJC198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022WJC198"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LGF20H170002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF20H170002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-stroke dysphagia (PSD) has a series of complications that are associated with poor recovery and even mortality. Uncovering abnormal neural activities during swallowing bears critical implications for optimising treatment strategies for PSD patients. The current study was designed to identify the abnormal neural representations of swallowing in PSD. PSD individuals, stroke individuals without dysphagia, and healthy controls underwent a swallowing task while ongoing EEG was recorded. Compared to healthy controls, PSD patients demonstrated predominant gamma-band hypoactivity and hypoconnectivity during swallowing. We also identified an excessive gamma-band hyperconnectivity that was related to more severe dysphagia, possibly reflect inefficient neural effort or muscle recruitment during swallowing. As a secondary outcome, PSD patients demonstrated lower theta-band connectivity compared to those without dysphagia. These novel findings may help inform future research on potential neuromodulation approaches for PSD. However, this is considered as a pilot study, and these findings should be explained in the context of a small sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1716564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:39:53Z","timestamp":1770964793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Post-stroke dysphagia is associated with abnormal gamma power and phase synchronisation during swallowing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heliang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Encephalopathy, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingchuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwei","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiqun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinhua TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Jinhua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.129","article-title":"Consequence of dysphagia in the hospitalized patient: impact on prognosis and hospital resources","volume":"136","author":"Altman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00145-8","article-title":"Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive processes","volume":"39","author":"Ba\u015far","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.7.864","article-title":"Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale","volume":"20","author":"Brott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2911","article-title":"Cortical correlate of the piper rhythm in humans","volume":"80","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10281","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010281","article-title":"EEG responses to TMS are sensitive to changes in the perturbation parameters and repeatable over time","volume":"5","author":"Casarotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116053","article-title":"The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex as a flexible hub mediating behavioral as well as local and distributed neural effects of social support context on pain: a theta burst stimulation and TMS-EEG study","volume":"201","author":"Che","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120434","article-title":"Cerebral control of swallowing: an update on neurobehavioral evidence","volume":"442","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"376","article-title":"Classification of cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"29","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Cerebrovascular Diseases (Chinese Medical Association, 1995)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.04.027","article-title":"Time\u2013frequency analysis of the EEG mu rhythm as a measure of sensorimotor integration in the later stages of swallowing","volume":"127","author":"Cuellar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724002289","article-title":"A novel dual-site OFC-dlPFC accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression: a pilot randomized controlled study","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23176","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23176","article-title":"Dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition in human and monkey neocortex","volume":"6","author":"Dehghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.02.026","article-title":"Over and above frequency: gamma oscillations as units of neural circuit operations","volume":"111","author":"Fernandez-Ruiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Non-invasive monitoring of reflexive swallowing","author":"Firmin","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034","article-title":"Rhythms for cognition: communication through coherence","volume":"88","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23189","article-title":"Modulation of post-movement beta rebound by contraction force and rate of force development","volume":"37","author":"Fry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-013-0017-y","article-title":"Dysphagia after stroke: an overview","volume":"1","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(95)00244-8","article-title":"Somatic evoked high-frequency magnetic oscillations reflect activity of inhibitory interneurons in the human somatosensory cortex","volume":"100","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51344","article-title":"Swallowing-related neural oscillation: an intracranial EEG study","volume":"8","author":"Hashimoto","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102786","article-title":"Motor and sensory cortical processing of neural oscillatory activities revealed by human swallowing using intracranial electrodes","volume":"24","author":"Hashimoto","year":"","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)02483-1","article-title":"Frequency-dependent spatial distribution of human somatosensory evoked neuromagnetic fields","volume":"318","author":"Hirata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6767","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216767","article-title":"Electroencephalographic characterization of sensorimotor neural activation during swallowing in dysphagic patients","volume":"25","author":"Imaz-Higuera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45289-7","article-title":"EEG functional connectivity metrics wPLI and wSMI account for distinct types of brain functional interactions","volume":"9","author":"Imperatori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.008","article-title":"On the human sensorimotor-cortex beta rhythm: sources and modeling","volume":"26","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0049-x","article-title":"Characterizing functional connectivity patterns during saliva swallows in different head positions","volume":"12","author":"Jestrovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01093.x","article-title":"Treatment of post-stroke dysphagia with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"119","author":"Khedr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643454","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.643454","article-title":"Event-related desynchronization and corticomuscular coherence observed during volitional swallow by electroencephalography recordings in humans","volume":"15","author":"Koganemaru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0748-9","article-title":"Removal of large muscle artifacts from transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked EEG by independent component analysis","volume":"49","author":"Korhonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121257","article-title":"Adaptive compensatory neurophysiological biomarkers of motor recovery post-stroke: electroencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation insights from the DEFINE cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Lacerda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2025.01029","article-title":"Post-stroke dysphagia: neurological regulation and recovery strategies","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321660","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1321660","article-title":"A neuroimaging study of brain activity alterations in treatment-resistant depression after a dual target accelerated transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018","article-title":"A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations","volume":"57","author":"Lomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-006-9029-4","article-title":"Effects of surface electrical stimulation both at rest and during swallowing in chronic pharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"22","author":"Ludlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100343","article-title":"Concurrent TMS-EEG and EEG reveal neuroplastic and oscillatory changes associated with self-compassion and negative emotions","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20743","article-title":"Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults: an attempt to separate the components of deglutition","volume":"30","author":"Malandraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01516-5","article-title":"Sub-acute stroke demonstrates altered beta oscillation and connectivity pattern in working memory","volume":"21","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb","article-title":"Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications","volume":"36","author":"Martino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3020025","article-title":"Power spectrum and connectivity analysis in EEG recording during attention and creativity performance in children","volume":"3","author":"Mateos","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroSci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.040","article-title":"Targeting unlesioned pharyngeal motor cortex improves swallowing in healthy individuals and after dysphagic stroke","volume":"142","author":"Michou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(99)00229-1","article-title":"Electroencephalographic measurement of motor cortex control of muscle activity in humans","volume":"111","author":"Mima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101067","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis methods and their application in developmental EEG data","volume":"54","author":"Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Lateralization of cortical function in swallowing: a functional MR imaging study","volume":"20","author":"Mosier","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25233","article-title":"Targeting the sensory feedback within the swallowing network-reversing artificially induced pharyngolaryngeal hypesthesia by central and peripheral stimulation strategies","volume":"42","author":"Muhle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798375","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.798375","article-title":"Case report: event-related desynchronization observed during volitional swallow by electroencephalography recordings in ALS patients with dysphagia","volume":"16","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009595","article-title":"The dysphagia outcome and severity scale","volume":"14","author":"O'Neil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.005","article-title":"Effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2001.00501.x","article-title":"Screening swallowing function of patients with acute stroke. Part one: identification, implementation and initial evaluation of a screening tool for use by nurses","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077234","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1077234","article-title":"Neural basis of dysphagia in stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25605","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025605","article-title":"Perturbation of brain oscillations after ischemic stroke: a potential biomarker for post-stroke function and therapy","volume":"16","author":"Rabiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22016","article-title":"Assessing cortical network properties using TMS-EEG","volume":"34","author":"Rogasch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897","article-title":"A penetration-aspiration scale","volume":"11","author":"Rosenbek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1995.1031","article-title":"Functional segregation of movement-related rhythmic activity in the human brain","volume":"2","author":"Salmelin","year":"1995","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00073","article-title":"Advances in the use of neuromodulation for neurogenic dysphagia: mechanisms and therapeutic application of pharyngeal electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Sasegbon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.002025","article-title":"Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning","volume":"55","author":"Singer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108032","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalography to assess post-stroke functional disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20680","article-title":"Functional brain imaging of swallowing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"S\u00f6r\u00f6s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9239-7","article-title":"Effects of therapy in oropharyngeal dysphagia by speech and language therapists: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Speyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20346","article-title":"Phase lag index: assessment of functional connectivity from multi channel EEG and MEG with diminished bias from common sources","volume":"28","author":"Stam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.016","article-title":"Pharyngeal electrical stimulation can modulate swallowing in cortical processing and behavior - magnetoencephalographic evidence","volume":"104","author":"Suntrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01299-1","article-title":"Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation","volume":"3","author":"Tallon-Baudry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20488","article-title":"Time-dependent hemispheric shift of the cortical control of volitional swallowing","volume":"30","author":"Teismann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.31887\/dcns.2013.15.3\/puhlhaas","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations and the neurobiology of schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Uhlhaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.263475","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation reverses neurophysiological and behavioural effects of focal inhibition of human pharyngeal motor cortex on swallowing","volume":"592","author":"Vasant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/e27080818","article-title":"Entropy analysis of electroencephalography for post-stroke dysphagia assessment","volume":"27","author":"Velasco-Hernandez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-008-9195-7","article-title":"Poststroke dysphagia rehabilitation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a noncontrolled pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Verin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.055","article-title":"An improved index of phase-synchronization for electrophysiological data in the presence of volume-conduction, noise and sample-size bias","volume":"55","author":"Vinck","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/21580014251392466","article-title":"Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation improves consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011350","article-title":"Neurogenic dysphagia: systematic review and proposal of a classification system","volume":"96","author":"Warnecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841781","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.841781","article-title":"The effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.08.002","article-title":"Digital filter design for electrophysiological data \u2013 a practical approach","volume":"250","author":"Widmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2308161","article-title":"Using dual-target rTMS, single-target rTMS, or sham rTMS on post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2012-110213","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on post-stroke dysphagia","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.041","article-title":"Network-based statistic: identifying differences in brain networks","volume":"53","author":"Zalesky","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1716564\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:39:56Z","timestamp":1770964796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1716564\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1716564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1716564","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"article-number":"1716564"}}