{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:46:06Z","timestamp":1789173966603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique for modulating neuroplasticity. Previous studies have suggested that changes in regional brain GABA+ signaling contribute to these effects, but empirical neurophysiological evidence remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of tVNS (200-\u03bcs pulses at 20\u202fHz, alternating 30\u202fs ON\u20131\u202fs OFF cycles, 30\u202fmin total duration) in healthy adults using two experimental paradigms. In Experiment 1, GABA+ and Glutamate (Glu) levels were measured in the left striatum (STR), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and sensorimotor cortex (SM) of 34 participants by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H-MRS), before and after ipsilateral tVNS. In Experiment 2, 27 participants performed a right-hand force-control motor learning task before, during, and after tVNS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administration of tVNS significantly reduced GABA+ levels in the left STR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), increased Glu levels in the DLPFC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;\u202f0.05), and significantly improved motor task performance compared to the sham group at 10\u202fmin after stimulus onset (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>tVNS (1) reduced striatal GABA+ levels and increased DLPFC Glu in healthy adults, and (2) facilitated early-phase motor learning. These findings support the use of tVNS as a noninvasive intervention that enhances motor learning in neurorehabilitation and the treatment of motor disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1731345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T06:55:53Z","timestamp":1771397753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces total striatal GABA+ content, increases DLPFC Glu content, and facilitates early-phase motor learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kana","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Matsuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Informatics Center, Oita University Hospital","place":["Oita, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryushin","family":"Kawasoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Fumuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical Sciences, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kojiro","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University","place":["Gifu, 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Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisato","family":"Sugata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]},{"name":"Faculty of Welfare and Health Science, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Oita University","place":["Oita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2024.100545","article-title":"Safety and preliminary efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on chronic knee pain: a pilot trial","volume":"7","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.09.009","article-title":"Electrical 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