{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:03:55Z","timestamp":1790229835314,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are essential for neuronal excitability and action-potential generation, yet the electrodynamic consequences of voltage-sensor motion remain largely unexplored. Here, we propose a biophysically grounded hypothesis in which transient electromechanical dynamics of NaV-channel voltage sensors give rise to weak cooperative electrodynamic interactions at the axon initial segment (AIS). Specifically, we consider the behavior of conserved arginine gating charges within the S4 voltage-sensor segment as they traverse the hydrophobic constriction site (HCS) and charge-transfer center (CTC) during membrane depolarization. Under subthreshold conditions, local electrostatic and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013cation interactions may transiently stabilize intermediate states of S4 motion, permitting brief reversible excursions (\u201cmicro-reversals\u201d) of gating charges within the confined high-field environment of the HCS. Based on known structural properties of the voltage-sensing domain and experimentally characterized vibrational modes of the arginine guanidinium group, we propose that these micro-reversal dynamics may generate transient oscillating dipoles capable of weak electromagnetic emission in the mid-infrared range. Because NaV channels are densely organized within the AIS and occupy a subwavelength volume relative to the predicted emission wavelength, subsets of emitters may experience similar local electric fields, orientations, and transition frequencies. Under these conditions, transient phase alignment and weak field-mediated coupling among neighboring emitters could, in principle, produce extremely weak time-locked mid-infrared emission and, under conditions supporting transient cooperative emission, potentially exhibit nonclassical photon statistics. These proposed signatures are hypothetical predictions of the present framework and require experimental verification. The proposed mechanism does not require long-lived quantum coherence, sustained entanglement, or quantum computation. Rather, it provides a testable framework that links established NaV-channel biophysics with experimentally accessible electromagnetic observables. We present order-of-magnitude estimates of charge acceleration, radiated energy, and potential cooperative enhancement and outline experimentally testable predictions, including time-locked mid-infrared emission, nonclassical photon statistics, dependence on AIS organization, and sensitivity to pharmacological or genetic perturbation of NaV-channel function. Collectively, these predictions provide a basis for evaluating whether transient cooperative electrodynamic interactions occur during neuronal activity and, if so, whether they have any functional relevance for neural information processing, including feature integration, perceptual awareness, or voluntary motor control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1772352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:13Z","timestamp":1790228653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infrared photons generated by voltage-gated sodium channel dynamics: a hypothesis for cooperative electrodynamic interactions at the axon initial segment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Daya Shankar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, South University","place":["Savannah, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.8185","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes","volume":"45","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0128","article-title":"Multimodal integration for the representation of space in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"352","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/242459a0","article-title":"Currents related to movement of the gating particles of the sodium channels","volume":"242","author":"Armstrong","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.63.5.533","article-title":"Charge movement associated with the opening and closing of the activation gates of the Na channels","volume":"63","author":"Armstrong","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21759","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21759","article-title":"Arginine side chain interactions and the role of arginine as a gating charge carrier in voltage sensitive ion channels","volume":"6","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","author":"Atmanspacher","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c07936","article-title":"Ultraviolet Superradiance from mega-networks of tryptophan in biological architectures","volume":"128","author":"Babcock","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of proteins","volume":"1767","author":"Barth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038","article-title":"Canonical microcircuits for predictive coding","volume":"76","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/3\/2\/007","article-title":"A hydrophobic gate in an ion channel: the closed state of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","volume":"3","author":"Beckstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.555","article-title":"The voltage sensor in voltage-dependent ion channels","volume":"80","author":"Bezanilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201812090","article-title":"Gating currents","volume":"150","author":"Bezanilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69672-x","article-title":"Structural and functional mechanisms underlying activation gate dynamics and IFM motif accessibility in human Nav1.5","volume":"17","author":"Biswas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf110","article-title":"The minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience","volume":"125","author":"Buxhoeveden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301069.001.0001","volume-title":"Rhythms of the brain","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(00)81133-2","article-title":"From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels","volume":"26","author":"Catterall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.224204","article-title":"Voltage-gated sodium channels at 60: structure, function and pathophysiology","volume":"590","author":"Catterall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0644-4","article-title":"The conformational cycle of a prototypical voltage-gated sodium channel","volume":"16","author":"Catterall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2010.07.003","article-title":"Electromagnetic cellular interactions","volume":"105","author":"Cifra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems","author":"Dayan","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing","volume":"70","author":"Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102724108","article-title":"Intermediate states of the Kv1.2 voltage sensor from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"108","author":"Delemotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1985.0070","article-title":"Quantum theory, the church\u2013Turing principle and the universal quantum computer","volume":"400","author":"Deutsch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.93.99","article-title":"Coherence in spontaneous radiation processes","volume":"93","author":"Dicke","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152","article-title":"Neuronal circuits of the neocortex","volume":"27","author":"Douglas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(00)01568-0","article-title":"Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness","volume":"5","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/35094565","article-title":"Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top\u2013down processing","volume":"2","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.1-a","article-title":"Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex","volume":"1","author":"Felleman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"The Feynman Lectures on Physics","author":"Feynman","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2022.05.006","article-title":"A free energy principle for generic quantum systems","volume":"173","author":"Fields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00069-1","article-title":"N-methyl-d-aspartate channel and consciousness: from signal coincidence detection to quantum computing","volume":"64","author":"Freitas da Rocha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.08.011","article-title":"A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence","volume":"9","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034","article-title":"Rhythms for cognition: communication through coherence","volume":"88","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622","article-title":"A theory of cortical responses","volume":"360","author":"Friston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9459","article-title":"Cation-pi interactions in structural biology","volume":"96","author":"Gallivan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1112","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006199","article-title":"The phenotype of SCN8A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy","volume":"91","author":"Gardella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00160","article-title":"Roles for countercharge in the voltage sensor domain of ion channels","volume":"11","author":"Groome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(82)90102-8","article-title":"Superradiance: an essay on the theory of collective spontaneous emission","volume":"93","author":"Gross","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1109\/pho.2011.6110641","article-title":"Neuron mid-infrared absorption study for direct optical excitation of neurons","volume":"2011","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989724","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2022.989724","article-title":"Editorial: the role of the interactions via movements in the spatial and temporal representation of external objects","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/e21040365","article-title":"Increase in mutual information during interaction with the environment contributes to perception","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entropy (Basel)"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291744","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2023.1291744","article-title":"Editorial: temporal structure of neural processes coupling sensory, motor and cognitive functions of the brain, volume II","volume":"17","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14","article-title":"Sense of agency in the human brain","volume":"18","author":"Haggard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511675935","volume-title":"Concepts and Methods of 2D Infrared Spectroscopy","author":"Hamm","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-025-01797-1","article-title":"Voltage-sensing domains: structural and functional diversity","author":"Heiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2359","article-title":"Distinct contributions of Nav1.6 and Nav1.2 in action potential initiation and backpropagation","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199503000-00018","article-title":"Ultraweak biochemiluminescence detected from rat hippocampal slices","volume":"6","author":"Isojima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Classical Electrodynamics","author":"Jackson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0270(99)00140-5","article-title":"Two-dimensional photon counting imaging and spatiotemporal characterization of ultraweak photon emission from a rat's brain in vivo","volume":"93","author":"Kobayashi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-0102(99)00040-1","article-title":"In vivo imaging of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission from a rat's brain correlated with cerebral energy metabolism and oxidative stress","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195104912.001.0001","volume-title":"Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons","author":"Koch","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.22","article-title":"Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems","volume":"17","author":"Koch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.007","article-title":"Signal processing in the axon initial segment","volume":"73","author":"Kole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2040","article-title":"Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segment","volume":"11","author":"Kole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.031","article-title":"Axon initial segment Kv1 channels control axonal action potential waveform and synaptic efficacy","volume":"55","author":"Kole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2772269","article-title":"Frequency-frequency correlation functions and apodization in two-dimensional infrared vibrational echo spectroscopy: a new approach","volume":"127","author":"Kwak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103397108","article-title":"Control of a final gating charge transition by a hydrophobic residue in the S2 segment of a K+ channel voltage sensor","volume":"108","author":"Lacroix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.53.0183","article-title":"Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process","volume":"5","author":"Landauer","year":"1961","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.11.006","article-title":"A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing principle for the cerebral cortex","volume":"36","author":"Larkum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001211","article-title":"The phenotypic spectrum of SCN8A encephalopathy","volume":"84","author":"Larsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1922-17.2018","article-title":"The axon initial segment: an updated viewpoint","volume":"38","author":"Leterrier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-025-01542-w","article-title":"Mid-infrared light exhibits tissue-specific transmittance and modulates neural signal conduction along axons","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.110.024402","article-title":"Entangled biphoton generation in the myelin sheath","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.772939","article-title":"Unique contributions of an arginine side chain to ligand recognition in a glutamate-gated Chloride Channel *","volume":"292","author":"Lynagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139644105","volume-title":"Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics","author":"Mandel","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.4.701","article-title":"The columnar organization of the neocortex","volume":"120","author":"Mountcastle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Principles of Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy","author":"Mukamel","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/e26060460","article-title":"Testing the conjecture that quantum processes create conscious experience","volume":"26","author":"Neven","year":"2024","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Quantum Computation and Quantum Information","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb15580.x","article-title":"Molecular structure of sodium channels","volume":"479","author":"Numa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10238","article-title":"The crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel","volume":"475","author":"Payandeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09325-z","article-title":"Architecture, dynamics and biogenesis of GluA3 AMPA glutamate receptors","volume":"645","author":"Pokharna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1142\/s0217984994001266","article-title":"Biophoton emission: experimental background and theoretical approaches","volume":"8","author":"Popp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/4580","article-title":"Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.221","article-title":"The basic uniformity in structure of the neocortex","volume":"103","author":"Rockel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.02.003","article-title":"310-Helix conformation facilitates the transition of a voltage sensor S4 segment toward the down state","volume":"100","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802019","article-title":"QM\/MM methods for biomolecular systems","volume":"48","author":"Senn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1161","article-title":"The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex","volume":"357","author":"Sherman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80821-1","article-title":"Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations?","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.003011","article-title":"Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Singer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2331","article-title":"Multisensory integration: current issues from the perspective of the single neuron","volume":"9","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"1171273","article-title":"An energy-efficient process of non-deterministic computation drives the emergence of predictive models and exploratory behavior","volume-title":"Front. Cogn.","author":"Stoll","year":""},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3390\/appliedmath4030043","article-title":"The mechanics underpinning non-deterministic computation in cortical neural networks","volume":"4","author":"Stoll","year":"","journal-title":"AppliedMath"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016003","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/ad0f2d","article-title":"A thermodynamical model of non-deterministic computation in cortical neural networks","volume":"21","author":"Stoll","year":"","journal-title":"Physical Biology"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2026.101253","article-title":"Holographic projection created by wavefunction interference of ions at the neuronal membrane as a potential method of generating mental imagery","volume":"82","author":"Stoll","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185954","article-title":"A gating charge transfer center in voltage sensors","volume":"328","author":"Tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1103\/physreve.61.4194","article-title":"Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes","volume":"61","author":"Tegmark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2307\/25470707","article-title":"Consciousness as integrated information: a provisional manifesto","volume":"215","author":"Tononi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-4388(96)80070-5","article-title":"The binding problem","volume":"6","author":"Treisman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90005-5","article-title":"A feature-integration theory of attention","volume":"12","author":"Treisman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(76)90311-9","article-title":"Theoretical studies of enzymic reactions: dielectric, electrostatic and steric stabilization of the carbonium ion in the reaction of lysozyme","volume":"103","author":"Warshel","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.000504","article-title":"Optical stimulation of neural tissue in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Wells","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232251","article-title":"Actin, Spectrin, and Associated Proteins Form a Periodic Cytoskeletal Structure in Axons","volume":"339","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.3.000161","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum: origins, behavior and applications","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photon."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1118434109","article-title":"Structural basis for gating charge movement in the voltage sensor of a sodium channel","volume":"109","author":"Yarov-Yarovoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23025-y","article-title":"Non-invasive, opsin-free mid-infrared modulation activates cortical neurons and accelerates associative learning","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132178","article-title":"Ultrafast carbon-carbon single-bond rotational isomerization in room-temperature solution","volume":"313","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1772352\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:16Z","timestamp":1790228656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1772352\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1772352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1772352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"article-number":"1772352"}}