{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:36:59Z","timestamp":1775032619388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent work has shown that brief exposure to static images depicting an agent actively gazing at an object produces a motion aftereffect in the direction of the gaze. Such findings suggest that encoding of an implied agent-to-object motion takes place. Here, we adapted a previously used random dot motion paradigm, quantifying changes in perceptual decision thresholds for detecting left vs. right motion, to include probes in different spatial locations following the agent-and-object image. As with motion aftereffects from real motion, the aftereffects following exposure to the image were constrained to a limited portion of the visual field, specifically on and immediately above the line of sight of the agent in the image. The effect disappeared in control experiments featuring a blindfolded agent. These findings strongly support the notion that our brains encode others\u2019 attentive gaze as an implied agent-to-object motion, and for the first time reveal the spatial extension of this internally generated motion signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1796537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:43:17Z","timestamp":1775022197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motion aftereffects from viewing another\u2019s gaze are restricted to the line of sight"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Renet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"L\u00f6fstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton, NJ, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvid","family":"Guterstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01142-5","article-title":"The motion aftereffect","volume":"2","author":"Anstis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0244","article-title":"Spatiotopic coding and remapping in humans","volume":"366","author":"Burr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00008-8","article-title":"Reading the mind from eye gaze","volume":"40","author":"Calder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1824","article-title":"Spatiotopic selectivity of BOLD responses to visual motion in human area MT","volume":"10","author":"d\u2019Avossa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0458-y","article-title":"JsPsych: a JavaScript library for creating behavioral experiments in a web browser","volume":"47","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00025-7","article-title":"The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze","volume":"24","author":"Emery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0501_2","article-title":"Gaze following in newborns","volume":"5","author":"Farroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.694","article-title":"Gaze cueing of attention","volume":"133","author":"Frischen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00455","article-title":"Through your eyes: incongruence of gaze and action increases spontaneous perspective taking","volume":"7","author":"Furlanetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1080","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101141108","article-title":"Perceptual and neural consequences of rapid motion adaptation","volume":"108","author":"Glasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2011.565121","article-title":"Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: a novel hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Graziano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63551","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63551","article-title":"Temporo-parietal cortex involved in modeling one\u2019s own and others\u2019 attention","volume":"10","author":"Guterstam","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101797","article-title":"Implied motion as a possible mechanism for encoding other people\u2019s attention","volume":"190","author":"Guterstam","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32165","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021325117","article-title":"Visual motion assists in social cognition","volume":"117","author":"Guterstam","year":"","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816581115","article-title":"Implicit model of other people\u2019s visual attention as an invisible, force-carrying beam projecting from the eyes","volume":"116","author":"Guterstam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003110117","article-title":"Other people\u2019s gaze encoded as implied motion in the human brain","volume":"117","author":"Guterstam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044046","article-title":"The structure of social cognition: in(ter)dependence of sociocognitive processes","volume":"68","author":"Happ\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613518076","article-title":"Submentalizing: I am not really Reading your mind","volume":"9","author":"Heyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00653","article-title":"Behavioral and neural plasticity of ocular motor control: changes in performance and fMRI activity following Antisaccade training","volume":"9","author":"Jamadar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401201111","article-title":"Attributing awareness to oneself and to others","volume":"111","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16.1","DOI":"10.1167\/9.5.16","article-title":"The reference frame of the motion aftereffect is retinotopic","volume":"9","author":"Knapen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1038\/42842","article-title":"Unique morphology of the human eye","volume":"387","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290051137594","article-title":"Activation in human MT\/MST by static images with implied motion","volume":"12","author":"Kourtzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01852","article-title":"Neural correlates of implied motion","volume":"424","author":"Krekelberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"252","article-title":"Direction-specific adaptation in human vision-measurements using isotropic random dot patterns","volume":"4","author":"Levinson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. Psychon. Soc."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.697905","article-title":"Observation of another\u2019s action but not eye gaze triggers allocentric visual perspective","volume":"65","author":"Mazzarella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000353","article-title":"Visual attentional orienting by eye gaze: a meta-analytic review of the gaze-cueing effect","volume":"147","author":"McKay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317205357","article-title":"Working memory and the suppression of reflexive saccades","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa103","article-title":"Rapid recalibration of Peri-personal space: psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neural network modeling evidence","volume":"30","author":"Noel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.03.009","article-title":"Instructional manipulation checks: detecting satisficing to increase statistical power","volume":"45","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328335b371","article-title":"Implied motion because of instability in Hokusai manga activates the human motion-sensitive extrastriate visual cortex: an fMRI study of the impact of visual art","volume":"21","author":"Osaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2017.12.004","article-title":"Prolific.Ac\u2014a subject pool for online experiments","volume":"17","author":"Palan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Finance"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601872113","article-title":"Humans are sensitive to attention control when predicting others\u2019 actions","volume":"113","author":"Pesquita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1444428","article-title":"A motion aftereffect from viewing other people\u2019s gaze","volume":"18","author":"Renet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018729","article-title":"Seeing it their way: evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see","volume":"36","author":"Samson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00014-6","article-title":"Global motion adaptation","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0637","article-title":"Spatiotopic perceptual maps in humans: evidence from motion adaptation","volume":"279","author":"Turi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1163\/156856892x00145","article-title":"Comparing local and remote motion aftereffects","volume":"6","author":"von Gr\u00fcnau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spat. Vis."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00266-9","article-title":"Visual motion aftereffects: critical adaptation and test conditions","volume":"36","author":"Wade","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.09.010","article-title":"A motion aftereffect from visual imagery of motion","volume":"114","author":"Winawer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2307584120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2307584120","article-title":"Predicting the attention of others","volume":"120","author":"Ziman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9526","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0052-16.2016","article-title":"Spatiotopic adaptation in visual areas","volume":"36","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1796537\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:43:19Z","timestamp":1775022199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1796537\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1796537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1796537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"1796537"}}