{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:52:04Z","timestamp":1785909124577,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of noradrenergic (NE) neurons in the central nervous system, with extensive neural projections throughout the brain, serving as a key ascending modulatory center for regulating cognitive functions. In recent years, the advances in optogenetics, chemogenetics, and high-resolution neuroimaging techniques\u2014including neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) and diffusion MRI\u2014have further elucidated the role of the LC in cognitive function regulation. Through the core mechanisms of dynamic tonic\u2013phasic firing mode switching, coordinated co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine (DA), and large-scale brain network reconfiguration, the LC achieves cross-level integrative regulation of fundamental cognitive processes, including learning and memory, vigilance, attention, decision-making, and executive function, with learning and memory processes spanning all levels and providing experiential support for each of these operations. Moreover, the LC is an early vulnerable node for pathological damage in the brain; its structural and functional abnormalities can lead to imbalances in neuromodulator tone, inflammatory-phagocytic imbalance, and disruptions in synaptic plasticity and neurovascular\u2013energy metabolism, thereby driving the onset and progression of pathological cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article systematically reviews the neurophysiological basis of the LC and its hierarchical regulatory mechanisms over normal cognitive functions, and proposes a unified four-pathway framework through which LC dysfunction gives rise to cognitive impairment across diagnostic boundaries, aiming to deepen the understanding of cognitive neuromodulation theory and provide a theoretical foundation for the early identification and targeted intervention of cognitive disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1830622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:38:27Z","timestamp":1785908307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research progress on the role of the locus coeruleus in cognitive function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Anesthesiology, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Ministry of Education (In Cultivation), Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brian Science of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Ministry of Education (In Cultivation), Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Brian Science of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education, Zunyi Medical University","place":["Zunyi, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.11.008","article-title":"Prefrontal-hippocampal pathways underlying inhibitory control over memory","volume":"134","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12360","article-title":"The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance","volume":"1316","author":"Andrews-Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.027","article-title":"Catecholamine influences on dorsolateral prefrontal cortical networks","volume":"69","author":"Arnsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-08-00887.1981","article-title":"Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli","volume":"1","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00108","article-title":"Neuromodulatory systems and their interactions: a review of models, theories, and experiments","volume":"11","author":"Avery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23419","article-title":"Frequency-dependency of the involvement of dopamine D1\/D5 and beta-adrenergic receptors in hippocampal LTD triggered by locus coeruleus stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Babushkina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.70004","article-title":"The modulation by the locus Coeruleus of recent and remote memory retrieval is activity-dependent","volume":"35","author":"Babushkina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.024","article-title":"Differential cognitive actions of norepinephrine a2 and a1 receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"1641","author":"Berridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attention control: a cornerstone of higher-order cognition","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.193241","article-title":"Beta 2-adrenergic receptor activation enhances neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease mice","volume":"11","author":"Chai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131916","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1131916","article-title":"The increased functional connectivity between the locus coeruleus and supramarginal gyrus in insomnia disorder with acupuncture modulation","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236335","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1236335","article-title":"Interactive effects of locus coeruleus structure and catecholamine synthesis capacity on cognitive function","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01269-6","article-title":"Associations among locus coeruleus catecholamines, tau pathology, and memory in aging","volume":"47","author":"Ciampa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.05.013","article-title":"Locus coeruleus activation \"resets\" hippocampal event representations and separates adjacent memories","volume":"113","author":"Clewett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.006","article-title":"Locus coeruleus integrity is related to tau burden and memory loss in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease","volume":"112","author":"Dahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.03.020","article-title":"A time window for memory consolidation during NREM sleep revealed by cAMP oscillation","volume":"113","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20000915)37:4<273::AID-SYN4>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Norepinephrine exhibits two distinct profiles of action on sensory cortical neuron responses to excitatory synaptic stimuli","volume":"37","author":"Devilbiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-6-31","article-title":"Co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the cerebral cortex elicited by single train and repeated train stimulation of the locus coeruleus","volume":"6","author":"Devoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59415-3","article-title":"Incentive motivation improves numerosity discrimination: insights from pupillometry combined with drift-diffusion modelling","volume":"10","author":"Dix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01139","article-title":"Control without controllers: toward a distributed neuroscience of executive control","volume":"29","author":"Eisenreich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2026.106757","article-title":"Stress-related cognitive dysfunction as a problem of neuromodulatory regulation","volume":"187","author":"Ericson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1720-20.2020","article-title":"Enhanced retrieval of taste associative memory by Chemogenetic activation of locus Coeruleus norepinephrine neurons","volume":"40","author":"Fukabori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01324-9","article-title":"Exploring the role of locus Coeruleus in Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive update on MRI studies and implications","volume":"23","author":"Galgani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06885-w","article-title":"Photostimulation of locus coeruleus CA1 catecholaminergic terminals reversed spatial memory impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model","volume":"243","author":"G\u00e1lvez-M\u00e1rquez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605063113","article-title":"Astrocytic \u03b22-adrenergic receptors mediate hippocampal long-term memory consolidation","volume":"113","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-023-01168-w","article-title":"Dynamic Organization of Large-scale Functional Brain Networks Supports Interactions between Emotion and Executive Control","volume":"40","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228630","article-title":"Locus coeruleus modulates neuroinflammation in Parkinsonism and dementia","volume":"21","author":"Giorgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15291","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.458901","article-title":"Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors","volume":"288","author":"Gyoneva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54395-8","article-title":"Noradrenergic alpha-2a receptor stimulation enhances prediction error signaling and updating of attention sets in anterior cingulate cortex and striatum","volume":"15","author":"Hassani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.067","article-title":"Banishing the homunculus: making working memory work","volume":"139","author":"Hazy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084917","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): controversy, developmental mechanisms, and multiple levels of analysis","volume":"14","author":"Hinshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1939232024","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1939-23.2024","article-title":"Role of the locus coeruleus arousal promoting neurons in maintaining brain criticality across the sleep-wake cycle","volume":"44","author":"Huo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.110733","article-title":"Locus coeruleus integrity predicts ease of attaining and maintaining neural states of high attentiveness","volume":"202","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15045","article-title":"Locus coeruleus in memory formation and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"54","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1212\/con.0000000000001009","article-title":"Executive dysfunction and the prefrontal cortex","volume":"27","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130513","article-title":"Norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL activates AEP and pathological tau aggregation in locus coeruleus","volume":"130","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14835","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616515114","article-title":"Dopamine release from the locus coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus promotes spatial learning and memory","volume":"113","author":"Kempadoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2820","article-title":"Measures of tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in children with autism spectrum disorder: an event-related potential and pupillometry study","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251365031","article-title":"An investigation of attentional networks, the locus coeruleus\u2014norepinephrine system, and autism and ADHD traits","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0947","article-title":"Impact of locus Coeruleus and its projections on memory and aging","volume":"12","author":"Langley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.04.022","article-title":"Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial \u03b22 adrenergic receptors","volume":"128","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0344-1","article-title":"Arousal increases neural gain via the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in younger adults but not in older adults","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq5480","article-title":"Norepinephrine signals through astrocytes to modulate synapses","volume":"388","author":"Lefton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadr8015","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr8015","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of resource allocation in working memory","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01761-x","article-title":"In vivo tractography of human locus coeruleus-relation to 7T resting state fMRI, psychological measures and single subject validity","volume":"27","author":"Liebe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90155-7","article-title":"Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: topographic organization of cells of origin demonstrated by three-dimensional reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Loughlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08952-w","article-title":"Heterogeneous pericoerulear neurons tune arousal and exploratory behaviours","volume":"643","author":"Luskin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2003","article-title":"Long-term potentiation and memory","volume":"84","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14532","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14532","article-title":"Teleological reasoning bias is predicted by pupil dynamics: evidence for the extensive integration account of bias in reasoning","volume":"61","author":"M\u00e6kel\u00e6","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00788-5","article-title":"The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Mahoney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.038","article-title":"The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia","volume":"118","author":"M\u00e4ki-Marttunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02248-1","article-title":"The mechanistic link between selective vulnerability of the locus coeruleus and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"141","author":"Matchett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X15000667","article-title":"Norepinephrine ignites local hotspots of neuronal excitation: how arousal amplifies selectivity in perception and memory","volume":"39","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.01.001","article-title":"The locus coeruleus: essential for maintaining cognitive function and the aging brain","volume":"20","author":"Mather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111534","article-title":"The locus coeruleus mediates behavioral flexibility","volume":"41","author":"McBurney-Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.06.003","article-title":"Evidence of VTA and LC control of protein synthesis required for the behavioral tagging process","volume":"138","author":"Moncada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1230","article-title":"Long-term potentiation and memory","volume":"358","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.040923.115","article-title":"Ripple-triggered stimulation of the locus coeruleus during post-learning sleep disrupts ripple\/spindle coupling and impairs memory consolidation","volume":"23","author":"Novitskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.031088.113","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic receptor signaling and modulation of long-term potentiation in the mammalian hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"O'dell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116687","article-title":"Locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons facilitate orbitofrontal cortex remapping and behavioral flexibility","volume":"44","author":"Ogg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.01.017","article-title":"Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement","volume":"117","author":"Oken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-04-01270.1998","article-title":"D1\/D5 dopamine receptors inhibit depotentiation at CA1 synapses via cAMP-dependent mechanism","volume":"18","author":"Otmakhova","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04293-8","article-title":"Dopamine D1-like receptor stimulation induces CREB, arc, and BDNF dynamic changes in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"50","author":"Rivera-Maya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0283-1","article-title":"Locus coeruleus activation enhances thalamic feature selectivity via norepinephrine regulation of intrathalamic circuit dynamics","volume":"22","author":"Rodenkirch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006267","article-title":"Locus coeruleus tracking of prediction errors optimises cognitive flexibility: an active inference model","volume":"15","author":"Sales","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.011","article-title":"Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal","volume":"76","author":"Sara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00044-3","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up","volume":"35","author":"Sarter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14600","article-title":"Viral-genetic tracing of the input-output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit","volume":"524","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2392679","article-title":"A network model of catecholamine effects: gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior","volume":"249","author":"Servan-Schreiber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29088","article-title":"Diffusion MRI tractography of the locus coeruleus-transentorhinal cortex connections using GO-ESP","volume":"87","author":"Solders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.04.020","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation boosts accuracy during perceptual decision-making","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30148","article-title":"Selective effects of substantia Nigra and locus Coeruleus degeneration on cognition in Parkinson's disease","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.10.010","article-title":"Globally patterned locus coeruleus-norepinephrine neuron-pericyte coupling orchestrates brain-wide vascular dynamics","volume":"114","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117301","article-title":"A probabilistic atlas of locus coeruleus pathways to transentorhinal cortex for connectome imaging in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"223","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90207-9","article-title":"The locus coeruleus: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi and immunohistochemical study in the albino rat","volume":"110","author":"Swanson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19325","article-title":"Locus coeruleus and dopaminergic consolidation of everyday memory","volume":"537","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106233","article-title":"The role of the LC-NE system in attention: from cells, to systems, to sensory-motor control","volume":"175","author":"Torres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841239","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.841239","article-title":"The nature of noradrenergic volume transmission from locus Coeruleus to brainstem mesencephalic trigeminal sensory neurons","volume":"16","author":"Toyoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad300","article-title":"Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI as a promising biomarker of catecholamine function","volume":"147","author":"Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2110630118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110630118","article-title":"Fluid intelligence and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system","volume":"118","author":"Tsukahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-3-15","article-title":"Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity","volume":"3","author":"Tully","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1220-5","article-title":"A locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account of individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control","volume":"24","author":"Unsworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2025.10.007","article-title":"Locus coeruleus microstructure and connectivity as novel markers of depression and cognitive dysfunction in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Vald\u00e9s Cabrera","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.021","article-title":"Decision making through integration of sensory evidence at prolonged timescales","volume":"28","author":"Waskom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1759-16.2016","article-title":"Dynamic shifts in large-scale brain network balance as a function of arousal","volume":"37","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30058","article-title":"Early changes in the locus coeruleus in mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies","volume":"40","author":"\u017delezn\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01428-z","article-title":"Progressive noradrenergic degeneration and motor cortical dysfunction in Parkinson's disease","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.011","article-title":"A new era for executive function research: on the transition from centralized to distributed executive functioning","volume":"124","author":"Zink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1830622\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:38:28Z","timestamp":1785908308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1830622\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1830622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1830622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"1830622"}}