{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:05:47Z","timestamp":1784099147257,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Communication is a fundamental human right and should not be constrained by disability; advances in modern technology are reshaping how communication is conceived and delivered, creating new possibilities for people who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This systematic review examined whether immersive virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VR\/AR\/MR; hereafter referred to as XR) has been integrated with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to support AAC for people who rely on it, and what evidence exists regarding usefulness and usability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Searches were conducted in five databases, with the initial search completed on 30 June 2021 and the updated search completed on 18 November 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two eligible studies were included. The evidence base was limited and methodologically heterogeneous, spanning distinct integration pathways: (i) an immersive-display implementation of a classic P300 speller suggesting communication performance comparable to conventional displays; and (ii) a wearable mixed-reality AAC concept contrasting non-BCI access (eye-gaze) with BCI-based access, with non-BCI access appearing more practically usable while BCI access remained challenging. Overall, the included studies indicate that immersive XR platforms can technically accommodate BCI-mediated interaction for communication-related purposes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence remains sparse and heterogeneous, with usability and usefulness varying by application target and evaluation endpoint. This review therefore synthesises the available feasibility and usability\/usefulness evidence and offers an open discussion of design and evaluation priorities for advancing BCI-enabled immersive AAC toward practical use in people who rely on it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021273338<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier: CRD42021273338.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1842938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:11:08Z","timestamp":1784095868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["XR-integrated brain-computer interfaces for augmentative and alternative communication: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Peiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"Research Institute, Cerebral Palsy Alliance","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"Research Institute, Cerebral Palsy Alliance","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"McEwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Cerebral Palsy Alliance","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bomin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"960","article-title":"How technology influences communication","volume":"7","author":"Alhadlaq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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