{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:27:40Z","timestamp":1786429660612,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are playing an increasingly important role in mental healthcare. They play a central role in all the stages of neuro-behavioural interventions, both by the care providers and the caretakers of a patient. The novelty of the technology and its rapid development create complex ethical challenges that must be balanced against the potential gains in efficiency and effectiveness of using the technology in mental healthcare. The paper presents an Ontology of Ethics of Brain-Computer Interface in Mental Healthcare, as a roadmap to guide to balance the ethics, effectiveness, and efficiency of the use of the technology. Like a \u2018Google Map\u2019 the ontology presents all the pathways by which the three issues can affect neuro-behavioural interventions using BCI technologies by the variety of agents that deliver mental healthcare. Using the ontology one can determine (a) the desired ethical pathways and reinforce them, (b) the undesired\/unethical pathways and redirect them, and (c) discover novel ethical pathways and explore them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1846283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:34:36Z","timestamp":1786426476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethics of brain-computer interface in mental healthcare"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ajay","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University)","place":["Bengaluru, India"]},{"name":"School of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Chanakya University","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkalgud","family":"Ramaprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Decision Sciences, University of Illinois","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Rangaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University)","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030771","article-title":"Discovering themes in deep brain stimulation research using explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227125","article-title":"Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interfaces in rehabilitation: a bibliometric analysis (2013\u20132023)","volume":"24","author":"Angulo Medina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.05.104","article-title":"Bridging minds and machines: the recent advances of brain-computer interfaces in neurological and neurosurgical applications","volume":"189","author":"Awuah","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdbs.2023.11.001","article-title":"Ethical considerations in closed loop deep brain stimulation - deep brain stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Deep Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9010014","article-title":"Human-computer interaction in digital mental health","volume":"9","author":"Balcombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.10.004","article-title":"Ethical imperatives in the commercialization of brain-computer interfaces","volume":"19","author":"Boonstra","year":"2025","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-024-09568-z","article-title":"Neurorights, mental privacy, and mind reading","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-017-0220-y","article-title":"Ethical aspects of brain computer interfaces: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Burwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med. 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