{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:01:17Z","timestamp":1790146877135,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N-back tasks are widely used to assess working memory functioning, yet different methodological approaches between tasks and across laboratories can yield distinct neural signatures. While working memory-related event-related potentials (ERPs) have been extensively studied, it remains unclear how task parameters influence the neural oscillatory activity underlying working memory functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted time-frequency analyses on EEG data from 36 participants performing nine different variants of the n-back task that systematically varied in stimulus type (words, pictures, colors) and task structure (timing, response, and feedback parameters). We examined power modulations in the theta (4\u20138 Hz), alpha (8\u201312 Hz), and beta (12\u201330 Hz) frequency bands to determine which task parameters drive changes in specific neural oscillations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results revealed a functional double dissociation: frontal theta event-related synchronization was selectively sensitive to stimulus type, with \u2018pictures\u2019 eliciting greater theta power than words and colors in the task variant with the shortest total trial duration and a requirement to respond to all stimuli, but not in other task variants. In contrast, centro-parietal alpha event-related desynchronization was driven predominantly by task structure rather than stimulus content, showing reduced alpha suppression in the task variant characterized by the longest inter-trial interval and immediate accuracy feedback. Beta oscillations showed no systematic modulation at the Region of Interest level. Cluster-based permutation analyses further confirmed the early temporal specificity of both theta and alpha effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conclude that theta oscillations reflect stimulus-driven encoding demands, while alpha desynchronization tracks the structural and temporal demands of the task context (modulating the need for active neural inhibition of task-irrelevant information). These findings have direct implications for standardizing n-back protocols: stimulus type and task structure exert their influence on fundamentally different oscillatory systems and must be carefully controlled depending on which neural biomarker is targeted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1883989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:16:49Z","timestamp":1790144209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissociating stimulus and task effects on neural oscillations during n-back tasks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jaap","family":"Munneke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Vafaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahla B.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Shalchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside","place":["Riverside, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne M.","family":"Jaeggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Game Center for Mental Fitness and Well-Being, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Northeastern University","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside","place":["Riverside, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000242","article-title":"Impact of feedback on three phases of performance monitoring","volume":"61","author":"Appelgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. 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