{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:18:43Z","timestamp":1787897923075,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurately predicting long-term cognitive impairment following moderate\u2013severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant clinical challenge. Existing prognostic tools have limited predictive accuracy for individual-level risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a comprehensive prognostic nomogram for predicting cognitive impairment in adults who suffered a moderate-to-severe TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively included 482 adults with moderate-to-severe TBI admitted to our hospital. All participants completed the standardized 6-month cognitive function assessments at 6\u202fmonths following TBI using the Neuropsychological Test Battery. Variables were selected from demographic data, clinical factors, laboratory tests and questionnaire scores. A prediction model was developed through multivariable logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cognitive impairment was observed in 28.8% of individuals. The prediction model showed that previous TBI history (OR\u202f=\u202f2.002), Marshall CT classification IV (OR\u202f=\u202f4.072,)\/V (OR\u202f=\u202f4.613)\/ VI (OR\u202f=\u202f5.008), elevated neurological function markers \u22652 (OR\u202f=\u202f2.255), elevated proinflammatory cytokines \u22652 (OR\u202f=\u202f2.209), Systemic Inflammation Response Index scores (OR\u202f=\u202f3.066) and incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (OR\u202f=\u202f4.169), seizures (OR\u202f=\u202f5.243) or post-traumatic stress disorders (OR\u202f=\u202f5.245) were independent risk factors of cognitive impairment following TBI (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Receiver-operating characteristic curve demonstrated a good discrimination with an area under the curve equaling 0.920. A prognostic index value more than 6.425 were categorized as high-risk to develop cognitive impairment after TBI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a prognostic nomogram that \u200cshowed promise for early risk stratification\u200c of 6-month cognitive impairment in adults with moderate\u2013severe TBI, utilizing information available during acute hospitalization. \u200cWhile our results were encouraging, external validation in independent, prospective cohorts was required\u200c to confirm its generalizability and potential for integration into clinical practice before widespread implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1923498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:34:34Z","timestamp":1787895274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a practical predictive nomogram for cognitive impairment risk following traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueli","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(02)02243-4","article-title":"The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the international continence society","volume":"61","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans","volume":"28","author":"Bovin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. 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