{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:10:00Z","timestamp":1790143800025,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor sequence learning involves practice-related changes in behavior and neural activity, yet the neurophysiological markers associated with later retention remain unclear. TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) provide a measure of cortical responses to stimulation and may help characterize physiological-behavioral relationships across different learning timescales. Whether these associations differ across retention intervals remains unclear. We examined whether baseline TMS-EEG measures or task-related changes in right primary motor cortex (M1) TEPs are associated with initial acquisition and subsequent performance change across short and long-term retention intervals during a non-dominant hand motor sequence task. Seventeen healthy right-handed adults performed a five-element finger-tapping sequence with the left hand across three sessions: Day 1 (acquisition), Day 2 (short-term retention), and Day 7 (long-term retention). Single-pulse TMS-EEG was acquired before and after task performance over right M1 at each session. Four TEP components (N45, N100, P180, and N280) were analyzed. Day 1 training was associated with increases in PR and ACC, together with improved accuracy-adjusted efficiency, and slope dynamics remained broadly stable across later test sessions. Acute pre-to-post right-M1 TEP changes were not associated with rapid within-session acquisition. Pre-to-post P180 TEP change showed a nominal association with subsequent efficiency change, with a stronger nominal pattern over the 24-h interval than over the 5-day interval. However, neither the P180 dTEP effect nor the Interval \u00d7 dTEP interaction survived FDR correction, and both were sensitive to participant-level influence and bootstrap resampling. These findings suggest that right-M1 TEP measures showed different relationships with rapid within-session acquisition and between-session performance change. Late P180 changes may be related to performance change across different retention intervals, but whether they reflect time-dependent consolidation processes remains to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1925178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:49:11Z","timestamp":1790142551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between pre-to-post TMS-evoked potential changes and motor sequence learning across retention intervals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fransina Christina","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayanankutty","family":"Naduvilidam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos R.","family":"Ljubisavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Yousif","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology (Adjunct), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22183","article-title":"Hippocampus and striatum: dynamics and interaction during acquisition and sleep-related motor sequence memory consolidation","volume":"23","author":"Albouy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.009","article-title":"Characterizing and minimizing the contribution of sensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials","volume":"12","author":"Biabani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.04.007","article-title":"Exploration of Theta burst-induced modulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked potentials over the motor cortex","volume":"28","author":"Carrette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2018.10.052","article-title":"The non-transcranial TMS-evoked potential is an inherent source of ambiguity in TMS-EEG studies","volume":"185","author":"Conde","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","article-title":"Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning","volume":"72","author":"Dayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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