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We ask what structure can perform that role, and propose Active Interference as a complementary, biophysically grounded layer beneath the statistical description. We argue that biological boundaries are physically instantiated, resonant interfaces\u2014lipid membranes coupled to vicinal water and endogenous electromagnetic fields\u2014capable of wave superposition and history-dependent feedback. We present a minimal formalism for interference-based write\/read cycles in which the substrate does not carry a representation but constitutes it. Inference is thereby grounded in interference, yielding an ontology of biological autonomy with phase-specific, falsifiable predictions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1925538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1789450389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond representations: from active inference to active interference"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Firaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Greenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tuszynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cavagli\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2727","article-title":"Ephaptic coupling of cortical neurons","volume":"14","author":"Anastassiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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