{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:26Z","timestamp":1791355766968,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates focus intonation in Qassimi Arabic (QA) with two aims: to examine focus-related prosodic changes in the focused word and surrounding regions, and to identify the functional factors shaping intonation and their relative contributions. The analysis considers maximum, minimum, and mean\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    , excursion size, duration, and intensity. The data comprise 1,800 utterances produced by ten native speakers in neutral-focus, information-focus, and contrastive-focus contexts. The acoustic results show that focus is realized primarily through enhancement of the focused word, especially through\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    -register raising and, in some positions, increased pitch excursion. These effects are strongest in sentence-initial and sentence-penultimate positions, while sentence-final focus shows more limited register raising. The pre-focus region remains largely stable. In the broad post-focus region, information and contrastive focus are followed by significant intensity attenuation but no consistent changes in\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    , excursion size, or duration. However, localized analysis of the post-focus word following sentence-penultimate focus reveals reduced excursion size after contrastive focus, but not after information focus. The results therefore indicate cue- and position-specific post-focus modification rather than general post-focus\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    compression. No consistent acoustic distinction emerges between information and contrastive focus across measures and positions. PENTAtrainer modeling reproduced major properties of the observed\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    contours, including on-focus prominence, declination, phrase-final lowering, and condition-dependent post-focus modification. Function-removal analyses showed that prosodic-word structure and discourse focus contributed most strongly, whereas syllable weight contributed least. Overall, the findings support a multi-functional account of Qassimi Arabic focus prosody and the applicability of the PENTA framework to Arabic intonation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1928391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:50:12Z","timestamp":1791352212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Focus prosody in Qassimi Arabic: acoustic analysis and computational modeling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Swaileh A.","family":"Alzaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, College of Language Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Communication Sciences, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buthainah M.","family":"Al Thowaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, College of Language Sciences, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A. S.","family":"Bani Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Al al-Bayt University","place":["Mafraq, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2022-39","article-title":"\u201cThe intonational phonology of Syrian Arabic: a preliminary analysis,\u201d","author":"Al Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of speech prosody 2022"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Al Motairi\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Ph.D. thesis\n          An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Syllable Structure in Qassimi Arabic\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Alnuqaydan\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Salt Lake City, UT\n          The University of Utah\n          The Interaction of Stress and Phonological Variation in Qassimi Arabic\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Alqahtani\n              M. 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