{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:10:49Z","timestamp":1790640649421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004884","name":"Education Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ZB0280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ZB0280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004884","name":"Education Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17ZB0249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17ZB0249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T08:52:32Z","timestamp":1545209552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hyperglycemia Induced by Chronic Restraint Stress in Mice Is Associated With Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Injury and Not Just the Direct Effect of Glucocorticoids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guizhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005","article-title":"Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla.","volume":"190","author":"Alheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648","article-title":"Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function.","volume":"10","author":"Arnsten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.016","article-title":"Exogenous corticosterone reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the hemi-parkinsonian rat: role for interleukin-1beta.","volume":"156","author":"Barnum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.07.012","article-title":"Stressor-specific alterations in corticosterone and immune responses in mice.","volume":"22","author":"Bowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1995.48","article-title":"Early endonuclease activation following reversible focal ischemia in the rat brain.","volume":"15","author":"Charriaut-Marlangue","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-033904","article-title":"Transport of sugars.","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003751","article-title":"Nucleus of the solitary tract, medullary reflexes, and clinical implications.","volume":"88","author":"Cutsforth-Gregory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199908200-00040","article-title":"Solitary tract nucleus sensitivity to moderate changes in glucose level.","volume":"10","author":"Dallaporta","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"1","author":"De Fronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2014-0021","article-title":"Glucocorticoid hormones and energy homeostasis.","volume":"19","author":"De Guia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1683","article-title":"Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease.","volume":"6","author":"De Kloet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi16-0067","article-title":"How should we think about the role of the brain in glucose homeostasis and diabetes?","volume":"66","author":"Deem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.08.008","article-title":"Chronic non-invasive corticosterone administration abolishes the diurnal pattern of tph2 expression.","volume":"37","author":"Donner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203930109","article-title":"Chronic restraint stress attenuates p53 function and promotes tumorigenesis.","volume":"109","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000170682.66781.b9","article-title":"Glucocorticoid administration and brief occlusion of the main pancreatic duct are likely to increase islet mass by a similar mechanism.","volume":"31","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08161.x","article-title":"Identification of chronic stress-activated regions reveals a potential recruited circuit in rat brain.","volume":"36","author":"Flak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.10.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced priming of microglial pro-inflammatory responses.","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0189","article-title":"\u03b2-cell adaptation in a mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced metabolic syndrome.","volume":"219","author":"Fransson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"43","author":"Fulford","year":"2005","journal-title":"An Introduction to the HPA Axis. Handbook of Stress and the Brain, Chapter 1.3"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23484","article-title":"Nucleus of the solitary tract in the C57BL\/6J mouse: subnuclear parcellation, chorda tympani nerve projections, and brainstem connections.","volume":"522","author":"Ganchrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210534","article-title":"In situ detection of fragmented DNA (TUNEL assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death: a cautionary note.","volume":"21","author":"Grasl-Kraupp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09943-2","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates restraint stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in testicular cells via NF-\u03baB\/iNOS and Nrf2\/ HO-1 signaling pathway.","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.64","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress \u2013 a modifiable risk factor.","volume":"13","author":"Hackett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0543-8","article-title":"Regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to stressors by the nucleus of the solitary tract\/dorsal vagal complex.","volume":"38","author":"Herman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00573-X","article-title":"Effects of lactate on glucose-sensing neurons in the solitary tract nucleus.","volume":"74","author":"Himmi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.06.012","article-title":"FGF21 regulates insulin sensitivity following long-term chronic stress.","volume":"16","author":"Jelenik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo109","article-title":"A guideline foranalyzing circadian wheel-running behavior in rodents under different lighting conditions.","volume":"7","author":"Jud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.09.031","article-title":"Basal blood corticosterone level is correlated with susceptibility to chronic restraint stress in mice.","volume":"555","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.189","article-title":"Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"15","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2011.08.005","article-title":"Up-expression of GAD65 in the amygdala of the rat model of chronic immobilization stress with elevated blood glucose.","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.13464\/j.scuxbyxb.2013.03.007","article-title":"Establishment of chronic constraint stress animal model and its application in the study of hyperglycemia.","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sichuan Univ."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.071","article-title":"Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators.","volume":"583","author":"McEwen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90024-6","article-title":"The internal organization of the human solitary nucleus.","volume":"31","author":"McRitchie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.90","article-title":"Immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress.","volume":"42","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.011","article-title":"Ascending mechanisms of stress integration: implications for brainstem regulation of neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses.","volume":"74","author":"Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(84)90033-X","article-title":"Neural network of glucose monitoring system.","volume":"10","author":"Oomura","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.11.006","article-title":"Brain control of insulin and glucagon secretion.","volume":"42","author":"Osundiji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1210\/er.22.4.502","article-title":"Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders.","volume":"22","author":"Pac\u00e1k","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo6030024","article-title":"Impact of glucocorticoid excess on glucose tolerance: clinical and preclinical evidence.","volume":"6","author":"Pasieka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B40","author":"Paxinos","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3138","article-title":"The stressed synapse: the impact of stress and glucocorticoids on glutamate transmission.","volume":"13","author":"Popoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E681","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90931.2008","article-title":"High doses of dexamethasone induce increased \u03b2-cell proliferation in pancreatic rat islets.","volume":"296","author":"Rafacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0373","article-title":"Glucocorticoid treatment and endocrine pancreas function: implications for glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and diabetes.","volume":"223","author":"Rafacho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02146.x","article-title":"The adaptive compensations in endocrine pancreas from glucocorticoid-treated rats are reversible after the interruption of treatment.","volume":"200","author":"Rafacho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.059","article-title":"Ascending projections from the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract to brain regions involved in food intake and energy expenditure.","volume":"1350","author":"Rinaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12709","article-title":"Cooperation between brain and islet in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.","volume":"503","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake.","volume":"404","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.196","article-title":"The dynamics of the stress neuromatrix.","volume":"21","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.11.014","article-title":"A users guide to HPA axis research.","volume":"178","author":"Spencer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000271.pub3","author":"Stanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Introduction"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.043","article-title":"Stress and excitatory synapses: from health to disease.","volume":"248","author":"Timmermans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E965","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00070.2006","article-title":"Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion-specific manner.","volume":"291","author":"Ulrich-Lai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20979","article-title":"Revenge of the \u201csit\u201d: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health trough molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity.","volume":"84","author":"Vaynman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(94)00130-C","article-title":"Sensitivity of nucleus tractus solitarius neurons to induced moderate hyperglycemia, with special reference to catecholaminergic regions.","volume":"51","author":"Yettefti","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0911-9","article-title":"Chronic glucocorticoid exposure activates BK-NLRP1 signal involving in hippocampal neuron damage.","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.03.029","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuroprotection: recent developments.","volume":"1665","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00983\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T08:52:41Z","timestamp":1545209561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00983\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2018.00983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00983","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"article-number":"983"}}