{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:43:04Z","timestamp":1785328984885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T04:16:00Z","timestamp":1553746560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["RNA Sequencing Reveals Small and Variable Contributions of Infectious Agents to Transcriptomes of Postmortem Nervous Tissues From Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Subjects, and Increased Expression of Genes From Disease-Activated Microglia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James P.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula M.","family":"Keeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Brohawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7099","article-title":"Redox signaling, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.","volume":"28","author":"Aguilera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7205747","article-title":"Nitric oxide: exploring the contextual link with alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"2016","author":"Asiimwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00128","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of bipolar\/rod-shaped microglia and their roles in neurodegeneration.","volume":"9","author":"Au","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.031","article-title":"Role of inflammatory molecules in the alzheimer\u2019s disease progression and diagnosis.","volume":"376","author":"Bagyinszky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1795-7","article-title":"Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"125","author":"Baufeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.09.019","article-title":"Purinergic mechanisms in neuroinflammation: an update from molecules to behavior.","volume":"104","author":"Beamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/jsin.1000178","article-title":"Micro RNA\u2019s (mirna\u2019s) may help explain expression of multiple genes in alzheimer\u2019s frontal cortex.","volume":"3","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Integrative Neuroscience"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.08.001","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of microneurotrophin drugs developed for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"117","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.01.027","article-title":"Aging leads to altered microglial function that reduces brain resiliency increasing vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"94","author":"Bickford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.05.003","article-title":"Chronic stress as a risk factor for alzheimer\u2019s disease: roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress.","volume":"9","author":"Bisht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23154","article-title":"Type I interferon pathway in CNS homeostasis and neurological disorders.","volume":"65","author":"Blank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_441_16","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: microglial\/macrophage-induced immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism of neurodegeneration.","volume":"8","author":"Blaylock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2016-0029","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease as an inflammatory disease.","volume":"8","author":"Bolos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/JSCRM.1000124","article-title":"< Neuralized human embryonic or induced pluripotential stem cell-derived motor neurons are genetically different from those isolated from human adult cervical spinal cord. pdf >.","volume":"2","author":"Brohawn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stem Cell Res. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160520","article-title":"RNAseq analyses identify tumor necrosis factor-mediated inflammation as a major abnormality in ALS spinal cord.","volume":"11","author":"Brohawn","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.02.010","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease: current evidence and future directions.","volume":"12","author":"Calsolaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-140001","article-title":"Synaptic failure: focus in an integrative view of ALS.","volume":"1","author":"Casas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Plast"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18050993","article-title":"Molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative dementias: the role of in vivo PET imaging.","volume":"18","author":"Cerami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2015.10.001","article-title":"Critical role of the Mac1\/NOX2 pathway in mediating reactive microgliosis-generated chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration.","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review).","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00680","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the role of microglia in brain homeostasis and proteopathy.","volume":"11","author":"Clayton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27037","article-title":"Aging and parkinson\u2019s disease: different sides of the same coin?","volume":"32","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration.","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0532-4","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies under development targeting inflammatory mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"55","author":"Crisafulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration.","volume":"173","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0245-0","article-title":"Role of microglia in neurological disorders and their potentials as a therapeutic target.","volume":"54","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.17420\/ap6304.111","article-title":"Neuroinvasions caused by parasites.","volume":"63","author":"Dzikowiec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S339","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179929","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in the trajectory of alzheimer\u2019s disease and in vivo quantification using PET.","volume":"64","author":"Edison","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0637-z","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, immune system and alzheimer disease: searching for the missing link.","volume":"29","author":"Guerriero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2016.1264072","article-title":"Contributions of triggering-receptor-expressed-on-myeloid-cells-2 to neurological diseases.","volume":"127","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.007","article-title":"Myeloid cells in the central nervous system.","volume":"46","author":"Herz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1251711","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0197-5","article-title":"TREM2 in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"12","author":"Jay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease and animal models of the disease.","volume":"155","author":"Joers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements.","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.04.004","article-title":"TREM2-ligand interactions in health and disease.","volume":"429","author":"Kober","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040769","article-title":"Old maids: aging and its impact on microglia function.","volume":"18","author":"Koellhoffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00129","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system and microglial polarization: implications for aging and neurodegeneration.","volume":"9","author":"Labandeira-Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050715-104343","article-title":"Innate immunity and neurodegeneration.","volume":"69","author":"Labzin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.05.010","article-title":"RNA-seq analyses reveal that cervical spinal cords and anterior motor neurons from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis subjects show reduced expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded respiratory genes, and rhTFAM may correct this respiratory deficiency.","volume":"1667","author":"Ladd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90607","article-title":"Microglia and C9orf72 in neuroinflammation and ALS and frontotemporal dementia.","volume":"127","author":"Lall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114393","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23106","article-title":"Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system.","volume":"8","author":"Lannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2174\/1874205X01812010050","article-title":"Alzheimer s disease in the perspective of neuroimmunology.","volume":"12","author":"Maccioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Neurol. J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.07.003","article-title":"Recent advances in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and their roles in neurodegeneration.","volume":"120","author":"Niranjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030561","article-title":"Microglial function across the spectrum of age and gender.","volume":"18","author":"Nissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030598","article-title":"Autophagy and microglia: novel partners in neurodegeneration and aging.","volume":"18","author":"Plaza-Zabala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12352","article-title":"Non-neuronal cells in ALS: role of glial, immune cells and blood-CNS barriers.","volume":"26","author":"Puentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2590","article-title":"How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration.","volume":"353","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00094","article-title":"Modulation of microglial activity by Rho-Kinase (ROCK) inhibition as therapeutic strategy in parkinson\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"9","author":"Roser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018","article-title":"The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue.","author":"Rothaug","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-179925","article-title":"Brain inflammation connects cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms in alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"64","author":"Selles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8071","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0297-1","article-title":"Inflammatory response in the CNS: friend or foe?","volume":"54","author":"Sochocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00114","article-title":"Effect of chronic oxidative stress on neuroinflammatory response mediated by CD4(+)T cells in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"12","author":"Solleiro-Villavicencio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.006","article-title":"NADPH oxidases as drug targets and biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: what is the evidence?","volume":"112","author":"Sorce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.09.001","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids in neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"153","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00194","article-title":"Aging microglia-phenotypes, functions and implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"9","author":"Spittau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.07.003","article-title":"MicroRNAs mediating CNS inflammation: small regulators with powerful potential.","volume":"52","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1745-4","article-title":"Type-I interferon pathway in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: focus on alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"125","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030504","article-title":"The diverse roles of microglia in the neurodegenerative aspects of Central Nervous System (CNS) autoimmunity.","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666151116141217","article-title":"Brain local and regional neuroglial alterations in alzheimer\u2019s disease: cell types, responses and implications.","volume":"13","author":"Toledano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0620-9","article-title":"Post-paralysis tyrosine kinase inhibition with masitinib abrogates neuroinflammation and slows disease progression in inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"13","author":"Trias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00176","article-title":"Gut microbiota, nitric oxide, and microglia as prerequisites for neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"8","author":"Tse","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00313","article-title":"TREM2 function in alzheimer\u2019s disease and neurodegeneration.","volume":"7","author":"Ulrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.050","article-title":"Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction: a vicious circle in neurodegenerative disorders?","author":"van Horssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22988","article-title":"Targeting microglia for the treatment of alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"64","author":"Wes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034406","article-title":"Microglia in physiology and disease.","volume":"79","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.117.109512","article-title":"Activation of AMPK\/mTORC1-mediated autophagy by metformin reverses Clk1 deficiency-sensitized dopaminergic neuronal death.","volume":"92","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00193","article-title":"Microglial activation in the pathogenesis of huntington\u2019s disease.","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00235\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T04:16:02Z","timestamp":1553746562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00235\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2019.00235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"article-number":"235"}}