{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:48:29Z","timestamp":1788382109753,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T05:02:11Z","timestamp":1556082131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Efficacy and Mechanism of Panax Ginseng in Experimental Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gigi A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler G.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Dor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Angiogenesis.","author":"Adair","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09994-5","article-title":"Efficacy of laropiprant in minimizing brain injury following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"7","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.04.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: a review","volume":"125","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.11.007","article-title":"Oral ginseng formulae for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review","volume":"105","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.44","article-title":"Ionic transporter activity in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes during brain ischemia","volume":"33","author":"Annunziato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2017.0361","article-title":"Ginseng as a treatment for fatigue: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Arring","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02975119","article-title":"Protective effect of fermented red ginseng on a transient focal ischemic rats","volume":"27","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2012.36.2.119","article-title":"Recent methodology in ginseng analysis","volume":"36","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.001","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging","volume":"120","author":"Balaban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.449","article-title":"Korean red ginseng protects against neuronal damage induced by transient focal ischemia in rats","volume":"3","author":"Ban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00088","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in neuroprotection after brain stroke: potential in cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Becerra-Calixto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0483-6","article-title":"Angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia","volume":"117","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021380","article-title":"Advances in stroke 2017","volume":"49","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders - a step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies","volume":"1863","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12972","article-title":"Brief challenges on medicinal plants: an eye-opening look at ageing-related disorders","volume":"122","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5778","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatments of oxidative injury in ischemic stroke: focus on the phagocytic NADPH oxidase 2","volume":"23","author":"Carbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1001","article-title":"Comparative analysis on microbial and rat metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3576","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemic brain damage: mechanisms of cell death and potential molecular targets for neuroprotection","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020801892292","article-title":"Neuroprotection of ginsenoside Re in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4352-3","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on integrity of blood-brain barrier following cerebral ischemia","volume":"233","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.758120","article-title":"Cerebroprotective effects of red ginseng extract pretreatment against ischemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"123","author":"Cheon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.19.644","article-title":"Ginseng pretreatment protects against transient global cerebral ischemia in the rat: measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization by [14C]deoxyglucose autoradiography","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(08)00401-4","article-title":"Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects","volume":"55","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"119","article-title":"Anti-lipid peroxidation and protection of ginsenosides against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries in rats","volume":"11","author":"Chu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.09.023","article-title":"The secrets of Oriental panacea: Panax ginseng","volume":"130","author":"Colzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014753","article-title":"Transcription factor NRF2 as a therapeutic target for chronic diseases: a systems medicine approach","volume":"70","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00292","article-title":"Neuroinflammation as a target for intervention in subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"9","author":"de Oliveira Manoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223750","article-title":"The role of wnt signaling in physiological and pathological angiogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Dejana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S47462","article-title":"Age-related reduction of cerebral ischemic preconditioning: myth or reality?","volume":"8","author":"Della-Morte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004075","article-title":"Found in translation: preclinical stroke research predicts human pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes, and therapeutic outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Dirnagl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12699","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment of ginsenoside Rb1 on severe cerebral ischemia-induced injuries in aged mice: involvement of anti-oxidant signaling","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.12.040","article-title":"Three-dimensional cerebral vasculature of the CBA mouse brain: a magnetic resonance imaging and micro computed tomography study","volume":"35","author":"Dorr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0320-7_9","article-title":"A mouse model of permanent focal ischemia: distal middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"1135","author":"Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756286418789854","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418789854","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatments for stroke: from bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Drieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3403","article-title":"Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60584-5","article-title":"Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials","volume":"384","author":"Emberson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.642710","article-title":"Angiogenesis: a harmonized target for recovery after stroke","volume":"43","author":"Ergul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.125","article-title":"Inflammatory risk factors, biomarkers and associated therapy in ischaemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Esenwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.107","article-title":"Prevention of stroke: a strategic global imperative","volume":"12","author":"Feigin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413","article-title":"Global Burden of Stroke","volume":"120","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.46","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke","volume":"12","author":"Ferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000091705","article-title":"The ischemic penumbra: a new opportunity for neuroprotection","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.592394","article-title":"New approaches to neuroprotective drug development","volume":"42","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00054-X","article-title":"Future directions of acute ischaemic stroke therapy","volume":"14","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.027","article-title":"SOD2 in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration","volume":"62","author":"Flynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.974675","article-title":"Timeliness of tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in acute ischemic stroke: patient characteristics, hospital factors, and outcomes associated with door-to-needle times within 60 minutes","volume":"123","author":"Fonarow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.144","article-title":"Immune interventions in stroke","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0192","article-title":"Cardioprotection by ginseng: experimental and clinical evidence and underlying mechanisms","volume":"96","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.033","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and caspase-3 and induces neurogenesis in rats with experimental cerebral ischemia","volume":"132","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2016.1234710","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of ginsenoside Rg1 against cisplatin-induced hepatic injury through Nrf2 signaling pathway in mice","volume":"51","author":"Gao","year":"","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.04.012","article-title":"Hepataprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 - a review","volume":"206","author":"Gao","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.574290","article-title":"Antioxidant protection: a promising therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"45","author":"Ghosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9569-6","article-title":"Potential neuroprotective activity of Ginseng in Parkinson's disease: a review","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez-Burgos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmun. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0320-7_2","article-title":"Cerebral angiogenesis: a realistic therapy for ischemic disease?","volume":"1135","author":"Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804656","article-title":"Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"359","author":"Hacke","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.07.003","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes as therapeutic targets for CNS disorders","volume":"7","author":"Hamby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05735.x","article-title":"NF-kappaB and innate immunity in ischemic stroke","volume":"1207","author":"Harari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.02.002","article-title":"The Nrf2 regulatory network provides an interface between redox and intermediary metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.022","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg(3) against transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"526","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0641-6240","article-title":"The difference between white and red ginseng: variations in ginsenosides and immunomodulation","volume":"84","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta. Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0332-6","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and microglial activation: systematic review of animal experiments","volume":"12","author":"Hoogland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-006-9008-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology and therapy of experimental stroke","volume":"26","author":"Hossmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1344-6","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd blocks AIF mitochondrio-nuclear translocation and NF-kappaB nuclear accumulation by inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.09.009","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing heme oxygenase-1 expression through an estrogen receptor-related PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2-dependent pathway in human dopaminergic cells","volume":"242","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2399","article-title":"The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation","volume":"17","author":"Iadecola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.100","article-title":"Yin and Yang of ginseng pharmacology: ginsenosides vs gintonin","volume":"34","author":"Im","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3994","article-title":"Ethyl pyruvate induces heme oxygenase-1 through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by depletion of glutathione in RAW 264.7 cells and improves survival in septic animals","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-015-0470-0","article-title":"Effect of white, red and black ginseng on physicochemical properties and ginsenosides","volume":"70","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.2165\/11594300-000000000-00000","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of ginseng in the management of cardiovascular disorders","volume":"71","author":"Karmazyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597476","article-title":"Neuroprotective strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage: trials and translation","volume":"41","author":"Kellner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.03.011","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2007.0614","article-title":"Panax ginseng protects against global ischemia injury in rat hippocampus","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0460-z","article-title":"Neurogenesis in stroke recovery","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00071","article-title":"A comparison of pathophysiology in humans and rodent models of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Leclerc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X1100866X","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng on inflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1149","article-title":"Ginseng for cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.04.009","article-title":"Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): history, preparation method, and chemical composition","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.03.003","article-title":"Implications of red Panax ginseng in oxidative stress associated chronic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.04.002","article-title":"Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical implications","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3451","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into DNA damage and repair in ischemic stroke: exploiting the base excision repair pathway as a model of neuroprotection","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000484578","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia\/reoxygenation injury via activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling and inhibition of JNK","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7842082","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7842082","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of the Ginsenoside Rg1 on cerebral ischemic injury in vivo and in vitro is mediated by PPARgamma-regulated antioxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0356-2_14","article-title":"Treatment with ginsenoside Rb1, a component of panax ginseng, provides neuroprotection in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2174\/156720210791184952","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rbeta1 reduces neurologic damage, is anti-apoptotic, and down-regulates p53 and BAX in subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovasc. Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00943","article-title":"Combined use of emodin and ginsenoside Rb1 Exerts synergistic neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.02.001","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against transient focal cerebral ischemic injury and suppresses its systemic metabolic changes in cerabral injury rats","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6523","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 administration attenuates focal cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury through inhibition of HMGB1 and inflammation signals","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B91","first-page":"1696","article-title":"[Effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on cerebral infarction volume and IL-1 beta in the brain tissue and sera of focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury model rats]","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.017","article-title":"Pretreatment with Korean red ginseng or dimethyl fumarate attenuates reactive gliosis and confers sustained neuroprotection against cerebral hypoxic-ischemic damage by an Nrf2-dependent mechanism","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00074","article-title":"Korean red ginseng pretreatment protects against long-term sensorimotor deficits after ischemic stroke likely through Nrf2","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.05.007","article-title":"Enzymatic preparation of 20(S, R)-protopanaxadiol by transformation of 20(S, R)-Rg3 from black ginseng","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.156","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd promotes neurogenesis in rat brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia via activation of PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1106","article-title":"Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke","volume":"4","author":"Lo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5868632","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5868632","article-title":"Targeting adult neurogenesis for poststroke therapy","volume":"2017","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1319","article-title":"Intranasal ginsenoside Rb1 targets the brain and ameliorates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"34","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15426","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150915426","article-title":"Inhibition of autophagy via activation of PI3K\/Akt pathway contributes to the protection of ginsenoside Rb1 against neuronal death caused by ischemic insults","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0490-1","article-title":"Deletion of the hemopexin or heme oxygenase-2 gene aggravates brain injury following stroma-free hemoglobin-induced intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0693-8_1","article-title":"History of preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"111","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594457","article-title":"Rodent models of intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Maclellan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.222","article-title":"Synaptopathy connects inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Mandolesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615552","article-title":"Angiogenesis in ischemic disease","volume":"82","author":"Marti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.11.003","article-title":"Molecular targets in cerebral ischemia for developing novel therapeutics","volume":"54","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"46","article-title":"[Mechanisms of angiogenesis in the brain]","volume":"176","author":"Mennel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.01.008","article-title":"Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions","volume":"42","author":"Mohanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2015.02.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd and ischemic stroke; a short review of literatures","volume":"39","author":"Nabavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7048","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900006","article-title":"Inhibition and genetic deficiency of p38 MAPK up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression via Nrf2","volume":"182","author":"Naidu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO01077F","article-title":"Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement","volume":"7","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00129","article-title":"Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders","volume":"7","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105122","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress: implications for cell death","volume":"47","author":"Orrenius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.179344","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen modalities are differentially effective in distinct brain ischemia models","volume":"6","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Gas Res."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.433","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 reduces ischemic brain injury in rats","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2011.15.6.333","article-title":"The protective effect of black ginseng against transient focal ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rats","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.189035","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound K in activated microglia and its neuroprotective effect on experimental stroke in mice","volume":"341","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893401","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/893401","article-title":"Effect of combination therapy with sodium ozagrel and panax ginseng on transient cerebral ischemia model in rats","volume":"2010","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2011.00271.x","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re: pharmacological effects on cardiovascular system","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3058","article-title":"Acute stroke intervention: a systematic review","volume":"313","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.05.002","article-title":"Antioxidant response elements: discovery, classes, regulation and potential applications","volume":"17","author":"Raghunath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00457","article-title":"Ginseng: a promising neuroprotective strategy in stroke","volume":"8","author":"Rastogi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527311312050015","article-title":"Oxidative stress and pathophysiology of ischemic stroke: novel therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.199","article-title":"Decade in review-stroke: progress in acute ischaemic stroke treatment and prevention","volume":"11","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60768-5","article-title":"The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"379","author":"Sandercock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415061","article-title":"Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs","volume":"372","author":"Saver","year":"2015","journal-title":"t-PA alone in stroke. N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5060056","article-title":"Angiogenesis in ischemic stroke and angiogenic effects of Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"5","author":"Seto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1264","article-title":"Quantitative prediction of ischemic stroke tissue fate","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.08.006","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"22","author":"Shergis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement Ther. Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.11.759","article-title":"Studies on the constituents of Japanese and Chinese crude drugs. Xi. panaxadiol, a sapogenin of ginseng Roots","volume":"11","author":"Shibata","year":"1963","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145876","article-title":"Compound K production from red ginseng extract by beta-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Supplemented with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.09.003","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in stroke","volume":"1802","author":"Sims","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402111666150529130922","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidants in hypertension-a current review","volume":"11","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens Rev."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12099","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition","volume":"72","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413504466","article-title":"Multiple roles for astrocytes as effectors of cytokines and inflammatory mediators","volume":"20","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","article-title":"Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163053","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2163053","article-title":"A preclinical systematic review of ginsenoside-Rg1 in experimental Parkinson's disease","volume":"2017","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.10.1373","article-title":"Ginseng therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Sotaniemi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b14-00394","article-title":"Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on astrocytes and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion mice","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.08.05","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment: epidemiology, mechanisms and management","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2857","article-title":"Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Review)","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5007-8","article-title":"Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.178","article-title":"An in vivo study of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling in ginsenoside Rg1-mediated brain repair after hypoxia\/ischemia brain injury","volume":"81","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000287","article-title":"Focal cerebral ischemia and neurovascular protection: a bench-to-bedside update","volume":"27","author":"Tasker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.44.2.85","article-title":"Animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia","volume":"44","author":"Traystman","year":"2003","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1304-15.2015","article-title":"Cell-permeable peptide targeting the Nrf2-keap1 interaction: a potential novel therapy for global cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B147","volume-title":"Medicine in China: A History of Ideas.","author":"Unschuld","year":"1985"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0231-3","article-title":"Red ginseng and cancer treatment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0206-1","article-title":"Thymoquinone inhibits IL-1beta-induced inflammation in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes by suppressing NF-kappaB and MAPKs signaling pathway","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.136","article-title":"Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.01.001","article-title":"Autophagy in ischemic stroke","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B152","first-page":"229","article-title":"[Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the expressions of p-eRK1\/2 and p-JNK in local cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury rats]","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1009.2013.00030","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates structural disruption of the blood-brain barrier to protect the central nervous system in ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150813143753","article-title":"Ginseng for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Curr. Top Med. Chem."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.34","article-title":"Restoring brain function after stroke - bridging the gap between animals and humans","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12855","article-title":"The autophagy-lysosomal system in subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.12.002","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside-Rg1 on cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rats by downregulating protease-activated receptor-1 expression","volume":"121","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-1930-0","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via decreasing the expression of the NMDA receptor 2B subunit and its phosphorylated product","volume":"41","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B159","first-page":"298","article-title":"Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and brain recovery of function following injury","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2017","article-title":"The KEAP1-NRF2 system: a thiol-based sensor-effector apparatus for maintaining redox homeostasis","volume":"98","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B161","first-page":"214","article-title":"[Effects of Ginsenoside RB1 on neural cell apoptosis and expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax in rats following subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion]","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.187851","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates DNA damage by increasing expression of DNA glycosylase endonuclease VIII-like proteins after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802147-7.00050-4","volume-title":"Chinese Ginseng in Nutraceuticals","author":"Yang","year":"2016"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gms092","article-title":"Beneficial effects of ginsenoside-Rg1 on ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetic mice","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.11.019","article-title":"A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B166","first-page":"2484","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 suppressed inflammation and neuron apoptosis by activating PPARgamma\/HO-1 in hippocampus in rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0051-3","article-title":"Ginsenoside rd in experimental stroke: superior neuroprotective efficacy with a wide therapeutic window","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.05.029","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates redox imbalance and improves stroke outcome after focal cerebral ischemia in aged mice","volume":"61","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.12.015","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates early oxidative damage and sequential inflammatory response after transient focal ischemia in rats","volume":"58","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.01.007","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction and sequential apoptosis after transient focal ischemia","volume":"178","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.51","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd for acute ischemic stroke: translating from bench to bedside","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.06.024","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on transient cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"1167","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain. Res."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.05.010","article-title":"Heme oxygenase 1 is associated with ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against brain ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Zeynalov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600225","article-title":"Prevention of ischemic neuronal death by intravenous infusion of a ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb(1), that upregulates Bcl-x(L) expression","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3057(98)80015-3","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb(1) prevents image navigation disability, cortical infarction, and thalamic degeneration in rats with focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.10.026","article-title":"Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9261-8","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd is efficacious against acute ischemic stroke by suppressing microglial proteasome-mediated inflammation","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.11.010","article-title":"Ginseng and obesity: observations and understanding in cultured cells, animals and humans","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1321-3","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates tau protein phosphorylation via the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK-3beta pathway after transient forebrain ischemia","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4268\/cjcmm20140230","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of ginsenosides after administration of sailuotong","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0916-6","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rd attenuates TRPM7 and ASIC1a but promotes ASIC2a expression in rats after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.12.037","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 protects neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury possibly by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels","volume":"586","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B183","first-page":"44","article-title":"Influences of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 on reversible focal brain ischemia in rats","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.01.064","article-title":"Ginseng total saponins enhance neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"133","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6313625","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6313625","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 for myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: preclinical evidence and possible mechanisms","volume":"2017","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.2502","article-title":"Protective effect of ginsenoside-Re against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion damage in rats","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.12.005","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 provides neuroprotection against blood brain barrier disruption and neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion through downregulation of aquaporin 4 expression","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.11.070","article-title":"Suppression of local inflammation contributes to the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with cerebral ischemia","volume":"202","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T05:02:15Z","timestamp":1556082135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"references-count":188,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2019.00294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"article-number":"294"}}