{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:38:17Z","timestamp":1791308297081,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/NEU-NMC\/2138\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NEU-NMC\/2138\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/01046\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/01046\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/04046\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/04046\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT\/FB\/BL-2014-343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT\/FB\/BL-2014-343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T12:38:05Z","timestamp":1558010285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["S100 Proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joana S.","family":"Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio M.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1136(200102)33","article-title":"S100B expression in and effects on microglia.","volume":"33","author":"Adami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2014.05.002","article-title":"The Ca2+ sensor S100A1 modulates neuroinflammation, histopathology and Akt activity in the PSAPP Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model.","volume":"56","author":"Afanador","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90046-9","article-title":"Expression of MRP14, 27E10, interferon-alpha and leukocyte common antigen by reactive microglia in postmortem human brain tissue.","volume":"50","author":"Akiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S2684","article-title":"Differential effects of interleukin-1beta and S100B on amyloid precursor protein in rat retinal neurons.","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(92)90043-d","article-title":"Disulfide-linked S100 beta dimers and signal transduction.","volume":"1160","author":"Barger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6727","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cs00138a","article-title":"Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"43","author":"Barnham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5876","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60647-7","article-title":"Interactions between the microtubule-associated Pi-Proteins and S100b regulate Pi-Phosphorylation by the Ca-2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-Ii.","volume":"263","author":"Baudier","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.09.011","article-title":"Astrocytic calcium\/zinc binding protein S100A6 over expression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in PS1\/APP transgenic mice models.","volume":"1742","author":"Boom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-551-0_25","article-title":"Analysis of S100 oligomers and amyloids.","volume":"849","author":"Botelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0471-y","article-title":"S100 proteins as therapeutic targets.","volume":"10","author":"Bresnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20785","article-title":"S100B protects LAN-5 neuroblastoma cells against Abeta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity via RAGE engagement at low doses but increases Abeta amyloid neurotoxicity at high doses.","volume":"83","author":"Businaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000333781","article-title":"The role of S100a9 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the therapeutic effects of S100a9 knockdown or knockout.","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-6","article-title":"Serum levels of S100B and NSE proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients.","volume":"7","author":"Chaves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5430","article-title":"Role of astroglia in down\u2019s syndrome revealed by patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells.","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0574-1","article-title":"Tau Proteins and tauopathies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"38","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20090035","article-title":"Amyloid beta-peptide directly induces spontaneous calcium transients, delayed intercellular calcium waves and gliosis in rat cortical astrocytes.","volume":"2","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/508342","article-title":"S100B inhibitor pentamidine attenuates reactive gliosis and reduces neuronal loss in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"2015","author":"Cirillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4236\/aad.2013.23013","article-title":"S100b protects IMR-32 cells against Ab(1-42) induced neurotoxicity via modulation of apoptotic genes expression.","volume":"2","author":"Clementi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Alzh. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609809666160222112850","article-title":"S100b induces expression of myoglobin in apbeta treated neuronal cells in vitro: a possible neuroprotective mechanism.","volume":"9","author":"Clementi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20194","article-title":"Enhanced susceptibility of S-100B transgenic mice to neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of human beta-amyloid.","volume":"51","author":"Craft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaq1702","article-title":"The neuronal S100B protein is a calcium-tuned suppressor of amyloid-beta aggregation.","volume":"4","author":"Cristovao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9812178","article-title":"Metals and neuronal metal binding proteins implicated in alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"2016","author":"Cristovao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.07.005","article-title":"Early and late CNS inflammation in alzheimer\u2019s disease: two extremes of a continuum?","volume":"38","author":"Cuello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00781","article-title":"Biochemical and functional evaluation of the intramolecular disulfide bonds in the zinc-chelating antimicrobial protein human S100A7 (Psoriasin).","volume":"56","author":"Cunden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32046","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m201750200","article-title":"Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-\u03b2 peptides differentially affect neuronal viability.","volume":"277","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.10.012","article-title":"S100B secretion is stimulated by IL-1beta in glial cultures and hippocampal slices of rats: likely involvement of MAPK pathway.","volume":"206","author":"de Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-21","article-title":"Ryanodine receptors: physiological function and deregulation in Alzheimer disease.","volume":"9","author":"Del Prete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524011307010024","article-title":"Functions of S100 proteins.","volume":"13","author":"Donato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.11.009","article-title":"S100B\u2019s double life: Intracellular regulator and extracellular signal.","volume":"1793","author":"Donato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0479-5","article-title":"TNF alpha affects the expression of GFAP and S100B: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"113","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel073","article-title":"Improvement of memory by means of ultra-low doses of antibodies to S-100B antigen.","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid. Based Compl. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm322","article-title":"Genomic and functional profiling of human down syndrome neural progenitors implicates S100B and aquaporin 4 in cell injury.","volume":"17","author":"Esposito","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00159.x","article-title":"S100B induces tau protein hyperphosphorylation via Dickopff-1 up-regulation and disrupts the Wnt pathway in human neural stem cells.","volume":"12","author":"Esposito","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19393","article-title":"Extracellular tau oligomers produce an immediate impairment of LTP and memory.","volume":"6","author":"Fa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-879x1999001000001","article-title":"The calcium-modulated proteins, S100A1 and S100B, as potential regulators of the dynamics of type III intermediate filaments.","volume":"32","author":"Garbuglia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2.1.26","article-title":"Overexpression of a calcium-binding protein, S100 beta, in astrocytes alters synaptic plasticity and impairs spatial learning in transgenic mice.","volume":"2","author":"Gerlai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199612000-00004","article-title":"Distinct patterns of neuronal loss and alzheimer\u2019s disease lesion distribution in elderly individuals older than 90 years.","volume":"55","author":"Giannakopoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00427","article-title":"Involvement of astrocytes in alzheimer\u2019s disease from a neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress perspective.","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez-Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.022","article-title":"Intraneuronal abeta accumulation and origin of plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"26","author":"Gouras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01186664","article-title":"Functional role of the neurospecific S-100 protein in the processes of memory.","volume":"22","author":"Gromov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.03.023","article-title":"Differential neuroimmune markers to the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease neurodegeneration and dementia: autoantibodies to Abeta(25-35) oligomers, S100b and neurotransmitters.","volume":"186","author":"Gruden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3632-2","article-title":"Antibodies to glutamate reversed the amnesic effects of proinflammatory S100A9 protein fibrils in aged C57Bl\/6 Mice.","volume":"162","author":"Gruden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00379","article-title":"S100A9 protein aggregates boost hippocampal glutamate modifying monoaminergic neurochemistry: a glutamate antibody sensitive outcome on alzheimer-like memory decline.","volume":"9","author":"Gruden","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.03.016","article-title":"The misfolded pro-inflammatory protein S100A9 disrupts memory via neurochemical remodelling instigating an Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like cognitive deficit.","volume":"306","author":"Gruden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.12.023","article-title":"Dkk1: a promising molecule to connect Alzheimer\u2019s disease and osteoporosis.","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypoth."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008840","article-title":"S100a9 knockdown decreases the memory impairment and the neuropathology in Tg2576 mice, AD animal model.","volume":"5","author":"Ha","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00456","article-title":"Zinc binding to S100B affords regulation of trace metal homeostasis and excitotoxicity in the brain.","volume":"10","author":"Hagmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"d1356","article-title":"S100 proteins: structure, functions and pathology.","volume":"7","author":"Heizmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)80801-6","article-title":"RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: a central cell surface receptor for S100\/calgranulin polypeptides.","volume":"97","author":"Hofmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05194.x","article-title":"The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"104","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00265","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory S100A9 protein as a robust biomarker differentiating early stages of cognitive impairment in alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Horvath","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00512","article-title":"Intranasally Administered S100A9 Amyloids Induced Cellular Stress, Amyloid Seeding, and Behavioral Impairment in Aged Mice.","volume":"9","author":"Iashchishyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00251","article-title":"Finke-Watzky Two-Step Nucleation-Autocatalysis Model of S100A9 Amyloid Formation: Protein Misfolding as \u201cNucleation\u201d Event.","volume":"8","author":"Iashchishyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(96)01364-9","article-title":"S100 protein-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia of the rat.","volume":"748","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1984.tb05415.x","article-title":"S100a0 (alpha alpha) protein is present in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system.","volume":"43","author":"Isobe","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100620","article-title":"Blocking IL-1 signaling rescues cognition, attenuates tau pathology, and restores neuronal beta-catenin pathway function in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model.","volume":"187","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17824","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1504-12.2012","article-title":"Mrp14 deficiency ameliorates amyloid beta burden by increasing microglial phagocytosis and modulation of amyloid precursor protein processing.","volume":"32","author":"Kummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn960","article-title":"Calcium dyshomeostasis and intracellular signalling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"3","author":"LaFerla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.04.004","article-title":"Metal ions as modulators of protein conformation and misfolding in neurodegeneration.","volume":"256","author":"Leal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.11.016","article-title":"Binding of S100 proteins to RAGE: an update.","volume":"1793","author":"Leclerc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-68","article-title":"Amyloid-beta peptide-induced extracellular S100A9 depletion is associated with decrease of antimicrobial peptide activity in human THP-1 monocytes.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1039\/c8mt00091c","article-title":"Calprotectin influences the aggregation of metal-free and metal-bound amyloid-beta by direct interaction.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.145362","article-title":"Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 C-terminal fragments upregulate S100A9 gene and protein expression in BV2 cells.","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/s1357-2725(03)00133-x","article-title":"Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the biology of proteolytic processing: relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"35","author":"Ling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031302","article-title":"Trans-synaptic spread of tau pathology in vivo.","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02909.x","article-title":"S100B-induced microglial and neuronal IL-1 expression is mediated by cell type-specific transcription factors.","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw073","article-title":"Aggregation of the inflammatory S100A8 precedes a beta plaque formation in transgenic APP mice: positive feedback for S100A8 and a beta productions.","volume":"72","author":"Lodeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-510x(98)00092-6","article-title":"Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer\u2019s disease senile plaques.","volume":"158","author":"Lovell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022126","article-title":"S100B and APP promote a gliocentric shift and impaired neurogenesis in down syndrome neural progenitors.","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20161055","article-title":"Molecular basis for the interaction between stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) and S100A1.","volume":"474","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(92)90002-f","article-title":"Increased S100 beta neurotrophic activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease temporal lobe.","volume":"13","author":"Marshak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.56","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"1","author":"Masters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1595","article-title":"Copper-dependent formation of disulfide-linked dimer of S100B protein.","volume":"374","author":"Matsui Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0959-9673.2005.00434.x","article-title":"Metals and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"86","author":"Maynard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20924","article-title":"Overexpression of human S100B exacerbates cerebral amyloidosis and gliosis in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"58","author":"Mori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(01)00293-7","article-title":"The role of activated astrocytes and of the neurotrophic cytokine S100B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Mrak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199603000-00002","article-title":"Correlation of astrocytic S100 beta expression with dystrophic neurites in amyloid plaques of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"55","author":"Mrak","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-2010-1303","article-title":"The heme degradation pathway is a promising serum biomarker source for the early detection of alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"19","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzh. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1997.3766","article-title":"Chicks injected with antisera to either S-100 alpha or S-100 beta protein develop amnesia for a passive avoidance task.","volume":"67","author":"O\u2019Dowd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3214-13.2013","article-title":"The prion protein ligand, stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1, regulates amyloid-beta oligomer toxicity.","volume":"33","author":"Ostapchenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-0186(01)00048-1","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid S100B is elevated in the earlier stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"39","author":"Peskind","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(02)01257-0","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid S100B correlates with brain atrophy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"336","author":"Petzold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.053","article-title":"Dysregulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 A therapeutic opportunity?","volume":"483","author":"Popugaeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-66","article-title":"Differential gene expression in ADAM10 and mutant ADAM10 transgenic mice.","volume":"10","author":"Prinzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004183","article-title":"S100A7, a novel alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarker with non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase activity acts via selective promotion of ADAM-10.","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.12.5359","article-title":"Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice.","volume":"91","author":"Reeves","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-78","article-title":"PSAPP mice exhibit regionally selective reductions in gliosis and plaque deposition in response to S100B ablation.","volume":"7","author":"Roltsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.11.002","article-title":"Impaired oligodendrogenesis and myelination by elevated S100B levels during neurodevelopment.","volume":"129","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0205799","article-title":"Catecholase activity associated with copper-S100B.","volume":"42","author":"Senior","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160913","article-title":"Proteomics analysis of blood serums from alzheimer\u2019s disease patients using iTRAQ labeling technology.","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzh. Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490390406","article-title":"S100 beta protein expression in Alzheimer disease: potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques.","volume":"39","author":"Sheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199703000-00007","article-title":"Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer disease: progressive association of IL-1alpha+ microglia and S100beta+ astrocytes with neurofibrillary tangle stages.","volume":"56","author":"Sheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.033","article-title":"Inflammatory S100A9 and S100A12 proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"27","author":"Shepherd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0478-9","article-title":"Astrocytes in mouse models of tauopathies acquire early deficits and lose neurosupportive functions.","volume":"5","author":"Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.015","article-title":"Astrocyte phenotype in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain.","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(00)00238-4","article-title":"Effects of S100A1 and S100B on microtubule stability. An in vitro study using triton-cytoskeletons from astrocyte and myoblast cell lines.","volume":"99","author":"Sorci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2011.083","article-title":"S100B protein in neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"49","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0146-2","article-title":"Frequent and symmetric deposition of misfolded tau oligomers within presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"2","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.06.021","article-title":"Insight into cognitive decline from Zn(2+) dynamics through extracellular signaling of glutamate and glucocorticoids.","volume":"611","author":"Takeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98862-9","article-title":"Calcium-dependent complex assembly of the myeloic differentiation proteins MRP-8 and MRP-14.","volume":"266","author":"Teigelkamp","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0912","article-title":"Glial S100A6 Degrades beta-amyloid aggregation through targeting competition with zinc ions.","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(03)00089-3","article-title":"Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory.","volume":"70","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(94)90101-5","article-title":"S100 beta expression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: relation to neuropathology in brain regions.","volume":"1223","author":"Van Eldik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0416-204R","article-title":"Danger-associated molecular patterns in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"101","author":"Venegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0705377","article-title":"Gene expression changes by amyloid beta peptide-stimulated human postmortem brain microglia identify activation of multiple inflammatory processes.","volume":"79","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/416535a","article-title":"Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid \u03b2 protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo.","volume":"416","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31141-x","article-title":"S100A9-Driven amyloid-neuroinflammatory cascade in traumatic brain injury as a precursor state for alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1208-4","article-title":"The role of pro-inflammatory S100A9 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-neuroinflammatory cascade.","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.10.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"1842","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.007","article-title":"Calcyclin binding protein and Siah-1 interacting protein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology: neuronal localization and possible function.","volume":"34","author":"Wasik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1843","article-title":"Immunology and immunotherapy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Weiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150745","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in the APP\/PS1KI mouse model of familial alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"50","author":"Weissmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzh. Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.06.011","article-title":"Inflammatory changes are tightly associated with neurodegeneration in the brain and spinal cord of the APP\/PS1KI mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Wirths","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150733","article-title":"Meta-analysis of transcriptome data related to hippocampus biopsies and iPSC-derived neuronal cells from alzheimer\u2019s disease patients reveals an association with FOXA1 and FOXA2 gene regulatory networks.","volume":"50","author":"Wruck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzh. Dis."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.4902","article-title":"Enhanced calcium transients in glial cells in neonatal cerebellar cultures derived from S100B null mice.","volume":"257","author":"Xiong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.08.068","article-title":"Upregulation of calcium binding protein, S100A6, in activated astrocytes is linked to glutamate toxicity.","volume":"226","author":"Yamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22207","article-title":"S100A6 (Calcyclin) is a novel marker of neural stem cells and astrocyte precursors in the subgranular zone of the adult mouse hippocampus.","volume":"24","author":"Yamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00755-f","article-title":"S-100 beta has a neuronal localisation in the rat hindbrain revealed by an antigen retrieval method.","volume":"696","author":"Yang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1998.4314","article-title":"Demonstration of heterodimer formation between S100B and S100A6 in the yeast two-hybrid system and human melanoma.","volume":"246","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"B120","first-page":"276","article-title":"Usefulness of S100B protein in neurological disorders.","volume":"61","author":"Yardan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.022","article-title":"Impaired cognition and cerebral glucose regulation are associated with astrocyte activation in the parenchyma of metabolically stressed APPswe\/PS1dE9 mice.","volume":"36","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032953","article-title":"MRP14 (S100A9) protein interacts with Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide and induces its fibrillization.","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24081","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra43665a","article-title":"S100A9 induces aggregation-prone conformation in abeta peptides: a combined experimental and simulation study.","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B124","first-page":"201","article-title":"S100-mediated signal transduction in the nervous system and neurological diseases.","volume":"51","author":"Zimmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.8.4705","article-title":"S100A1 regulates neurite organization, tubulin levels, and proliferation in PC12 cells.","volume":"273","author":"Zimmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T03:51:30Z","timestamp":1663473090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"article-number":"463"}}