{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:08:46Z","timestamp":1792112926255,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T23:18:22Z","timestamp":1578611902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Virtual Reality (VR) in Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Segawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Baudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Bourla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Victor","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles-Siegfried","family":"Peretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Mouchabac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Ferreri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts341","article-title":"Behavioral economic analysis of cue-elicited craving for tobacco: a virtual reality study","volume":"15","author":"Acker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.65.1.78.18713","article-title":"Virtual reality: using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world","volume":"65","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Menninger. Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10399903","article-title":"Reactivity to cannabis cues in virtual reality environments","volume":"41","author":"Bordnick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.06.008","article-title":"Utilizing virtual reality to standardize nicotine craving research: a pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Bordnick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.487","article-title":"Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers","volume":"8","author":"Bordnick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.12.010","article-title":"Assessing reactivity to virtual reality alcohol based cues","volume":"33","author":"Bordnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731511426880","article-title":"A feasibility study of virtual reality-based coping skills training for nicotine dependence","volume":"22","author":"Bordnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Work Pract"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00027","article-title":"Using virtual reality in the treatment of gambling disorder: the development of a new tool for cognitive behavior therapy","volume":"8","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10240","DOI":"10.2196\/10240","article-title":"Psychiatrists' attitudes toward disruptive new technologies: mixed-methods study","volume":"5","author":"Bourla","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.010","article-title":"Location and longing: the nicotine craving experience in virtual reality","volume":"95","author":"Carter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug. Alcohol. Depend"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-015-0264-6","article-title":"The effect of virtual covert sensitization on reducing alcohol craving in heavy social drinkers","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.16.3.207","article-title":"Proximal versus distal cues to smoke: the effects of environments on smokers' cue-reactivity","volume":"16","author":"Conklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00014.x","article-title":"Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments","volume":"97","author":"Conklin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000091","article-title":"Attentional bias modification for addictive behaviors: clinical implications","volume":"19","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20457","article-title":"Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"16","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-561-7-123","article-title":"Efficacy of virtual reality in triggering the craving to smoke: its relation to level of presence and nicotine dependence","volume":"154","author":"Ferrer-Garc\u00eda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00051","article-title":"e-Addictology: an overview of new technologies for assessing and intervening in addictive behaviors","volume":"9","author":"Ferreri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000321","article-title":"The clinical relevance of attentional bias in substance use disorders","volume":"19","author":"Field","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.04.080208","article-title":"Virtual reality skills training for health care professionals in alcohol screening and brief intervention","volume":"22","author":"Fleming","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-20181293","article-title":"Cybersickness: a multisensory integration perspective","volume":"31","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multisens. Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0329","article-title":"Eliciting nicotine craving with virtual smoking cues","volume":"17","author":"Gamito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.013","article-title":"Validation of smoking-related virtual environments for cue exposure therapy","volume":"37","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.05.007","article-title":"Smoking a virtual cigarette increases craving among smokers","volume":"38","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0118","article-title":"Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.1573","article-title":"Gambling exposure in virtual reality and modification of urge to gamble","volume":"16","author":"Giroux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1228","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV)","volume":"152","author":"Guze","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00844","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in craving assessment and cue-exposure therapy in substance use disorders","volume":"8","author":"Hone-Blanchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731511428617","article-title":"Feasibility of using virtual reality to assess nicotine cue reactivity during treatment","volume":"22","author":"Kaganoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Work Pract."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0490","article-title":"Development of a virtual approach-avoidance task to assess alcohol cravings","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1989.50.170","article-title":"The alcohol dependence scale: a validation study among inpatient alcoholics","volume":"50","author":"Kivlahan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.705","article-title":"Nicotine craving and cue exposure therapy by using virtual environments","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-005-6377-z","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) study of cue-induced smoking craving in virtual environments","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103322011560","article-title":"Experimental application of virtual reality for nicotine craving through cue exposure","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2008.5.4.239","article-title":"Social pressure-induced craving in patients with alcohol dependence: application of virtual reality to coping skill training","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Investig"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.08.014","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) correlates of craving during virtual reality therapy in alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","article-title":"The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers","volume":"144","author":"Lesieur","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.07.006","article-title":"Cue exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analytic review","volume":"57","author":"Mellentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187777","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187777","article-title":"Meditation experts try virtual reality mindfulness: a pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness practice in people attending a Mindfulness conference","volume":"12","author":"Navarro-Haro","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3166\/tsi.28.1017-1049","article-title":"Interaction 3D en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 virtuelle","volume":"28","author":"Ouramdane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Etat de l'art. Tech. Sci. Inform."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.01.029","article-title":"Cue reactivity in virtual reality: the role of context","volume":"36","author":"Paris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0253","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of virtual cue exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for nicotine dependence","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00505","article-title":"A literature overview of virtual reality (VR) in treatment of psychiatric disorders: recent advances and limitations","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.01.015","article-title":"The effects of a virtual reality treatment program for online gaming addiction","volume":"129","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-766-6-74","article-title":"Evolution of smoking urge during exposure through virtual reality","volume":"167","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.05.013","article-title":"Individual variables related to craving reduction in cue exposure treatment","volume":"49","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv216","article-title":"The use of virtual reality in the production of cue-specific craving for cigarettes: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.003","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of cue exposure treatment through virtual reality for smoking cessation","volume":"96","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse. Treat"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu104","article-title":"Effects of systematic cue exposure through virtual reality on cigarette craving","volume":"16","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12162","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5","volume":"108","author":"Petry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00120","article-title":"Embodied medicine: mens sana in corpore virtuale sano","volume":"11","author":"Riva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.06.002","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0211","article-title":"Virtual reality cues for binge drinking in college students","volume":"13","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.01.004","article-title":"A preliminary report on the use of virtual reality technology to elicit craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals","volume":"31","author":"Saladin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2013II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093351","article-title":"The Role of Craving in substance use disorders: theoretical and methodological issues","volume":"12","author":"Sayette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16","article-title":"Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions","volume":"7","author":"Schardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195677","article-title":"Development of an effective virtual environment in eliciting craving in adolescents and young adults with internet gaming disorder","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0138","article-title":"Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments","volume":"364","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Immersion, presence, and performance in virtual environments: an experiment with tri-dimensional chess in ACM Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST)","author":"Slater","year":"1999"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2015.76.620","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a preliminary investigation with positron emission tomography\/computerized tomography","volume":"76","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol. Drugs"},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"StanneyK. M.\n            KennedyR. S.\n            DrexlerJ. M.\n          Cybersickness is Not Simulator Sickness1997"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu245","article-title":"Withdrawal symptoms and nicotine dependence severity predict virtual reality craving in cigarette-deprived smokers","volume":"17","author":"Thompson-Lake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802268876","article-title":"Assessing craving in young adult smokers using virtual reality","volume":"17","author":"Traylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0070","article-title":"Using virtual reality to assess young adult smokers' attention to cues","volume":"12","author":"Traylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.06.014","article-title":"Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinkers","volume":"36","author":"Traylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","article-title":"Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review","volume":"10","author":"Weech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: a presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T23:18:25Z","timestamp":1578611905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"article-number":"1409"}}