{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:40:13Z","timestamp":1792615213153,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T01:37:48Z","timestamp":1587433068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Disentangling the Amyloid Pathways: A Mechanistic Approach to Etiology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarja","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sturchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto J.","family":"Espay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"El Andaloussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Lind\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kariem","family":"Ezzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80886-7","article-title":"Mice Lacking -Synuclein Display Functional Deficits in the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System.","volume":"25","author":"Abeliovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.65.11.1509","article-title":"Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly.","volume":"65","author":"Aizenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.340638","article-title":"Mutant p53 aggregates into prion-like amyloid oligomers and fibrils: Implications for cancer.","volume":"287","author":"Ano Bom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2976\/1.2760023","article-title":"Characterization of the nucleation barriers for protein aggregation and amyloid formation.","volume":"1","author":"Auer","year":"2007","journal-title":"HFSP J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000458","article-title":"A Condensation-Ordering Mechanism in Nanoparticle- Catalyzed Peptide Aggregation.","volume":"5","author":"Auer","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-019-0090-8","article-title":"Infection with mosquito-borne alphavirus induces selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, neuroin fl ammation and widespread protein aggregation.","volume":"5","author":"Bantle","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"367","author":"Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13570","article-title":"The contribution of alpha synuclein to neuronal survival and function - Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"137","author":"Benskey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21596-3","article-title":"A role for tau in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity.","volume":"8","author":"Biundo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4382","article-title":"Liquid phase condensation in cell physiology and disease.","volume":"357","author":"Brangwynne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2483","article-title":"Axonal prion protein is required for peripheral myelin maintenance.","volume":"13","author":"Bremer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3887","article-title":"Spreading of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases: a focus on human studies.","volume":"16","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3514","article-title":"Nature disfavors sequences of alternating polar and non-polar amino acids: Implications for amyloidogenesis.","volume":"296","author":"Broome","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2873","article-title":"Prion-like transmission of protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"11","author":"Brundin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.155","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of \u03b2-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia.","volume":"69","author":"Buchhave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2016.08.014","author":"Buell","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Nucleation of Protein Aggregates - From Crystals to Amyloid Fibrils"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2867","article-title":"A nucleator arms race: Cellular control of actin assembly.","volume":"11","author":"Campellone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2017.00019","article-title":"Physiological functions of the cellular prion protein.","volume":"4","author":"Castle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.09.028","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein cooperates with CSP\u03b1 in preventing neurodegeneration.","volume":"123","author":"Chandra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212527999","article-title":"Studies of the aggregation of mutant proteins in vitro provide insights into the genetics of amyloid diseases.","volume":"99","author":"Chiti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045115","article-title":"Protein Misfolding, Amyloid Formation, and Human Disease: A Summary of Progress Over the Last Decade.","volume":"86","author":"Chiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900108v","article-title":"Prion diseases and their biochemical mechanisms.","volume":"48","author":"Cobb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00012","article-title":"Is alpha-synuclein loss-of-function a contributor to parkinsonian pathology? Evidence from non-human primates.","volume":"10","author":"Collier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20415","article-title":"Mammalian prions and their wider relevance in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"539","author":"Collinge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.01.001","article-title":"Mice devoid of prion protein have cognitive deficits that are rescued by reconstitution of PrP in neurons.","volume":"19","author":"Criado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors.","volume":"5","author":"Dominy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/356215a0","article-title":"Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours.","volume":"356","author":"Donehower","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4068","article-title":"Association of cerebrospinal fluid prion protein levels and the distinction between Alzheimer disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.","volume":"72","author":"Dorey","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.022","article-title":"The amyloid state of proteins in human diseases.","volume":"148","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045104","article-title":"Structural Studies of Amyloid Proteins at the Molecular Level.","volume":"86","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10192-2","article-title":"The viral protein corona directs viral pathogenesis and amyloid aggregation.","volume":"10","author":"Ezzat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21559","article-title":"Decreased cerebrospinal fluid A\u03b2 42 correlates with brain atrophy in cognitively normal elderly.","volume":"65","author":"Fagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/35065514","article-title":"Amyloid fibrils from muscle myoglobin.","volume":"410","author":"F\u00e4ndrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2010.10.007","article-title":"New mechanisms and functions of actin nucleation.","volume":"23","author":"Firat-Karalar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1498-9","article-title":"Viral gene transfer of APPs\u03b1 rescues synaptic failure in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model.","volume":"131","author":"Fol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9308","article-title":"Increased insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice lacking islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin).","volume":"250","author":"Gebre-Medhin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-13","article-title":"The role of tau in neurodegeneration.","volume":"4","author":"Gendron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.105","article-title":"P53 amyloid formation leading to its loss of function: Implications in cancer pathogenesis.","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7856","article-title":"Phase nucleation in curved space.","volume":"6","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.115","article-title":"In vivo RNAi-mediated \u03b1-synuclein silencing induces nigrostriatal degeneration.","volume":"18","author":"Gorbatyuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005005107","article-title":"\u03b1\u03b2\u03b3-Synuclein triple knockout mice revealage-dependent neuronal dysfunction.","volume":"107","author":"Greten-Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-018-0031-x","article-title":"Cholesterol catalyses A\u03b242 aggregation through a heterogeneous nucleation pathway in the presence of lipid membranes.","volume":"10","author":"Habchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00874.x","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: A dual-hit hypothesis.","volume":"33","author":"Hawkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721715607642","article-title":"Role of Amylin in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.","volume":"41","author":"Hieronymus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.3228","article-title":"Plaque-independent disruption of neural circuits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models.","volume":"96","author":"Hsia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3088-1","article-title":"Changes of cerebrospinal fluid A\u03b242, t-tau, and p-tau in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with cognitive impairment relative to those with normal cognition: a meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022510","article-title":"The effect of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on amyloid aggregation and toxicity.","volume":"20","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152","article-title":"Microbes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"51","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biom7040071","article-title":"Why are functional amyloids non\u2212toxic in humans?","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(02)00003-0","article-title":"Microtubule nucleation.","volume":"15","author":"Job","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20894","DOI":"10.1039\/c8nr04506b","article-title":"Impact of nanoparticles on amyloid peptide and protein aggregation: A review with a focus on gold nanoparticles.","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2808","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-\u03b2 pathology: A link to alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12481","article-title":"Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"501","author":"Jucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp534","article-title":"Gain and loss of function of ALS-related mutations of TARDBP (TDP-43) cause motor deficits in vivo.","volume":"19","author":"Kabashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16017","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid \u03b21-42, Tau, and Alpha-Synuclein Predict the Heterogeneous Progression of Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6663","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.6b00794","article-title":"A Review of Classical and Nonclassical Nucleation Theories.","volume":"16","author":"Karthika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.197483","article-title":"Differential levels of \u03b1-synuclein, \u03b2-amyloid42 and tau in CSF between patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"81","author":"Kasuga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.06.004","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease due to loss of function: A new synthesis of the available data.","volume":"143","author":"Kepp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.06.001","article-title":"The emerging risk of exposure to air pollution on cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 Evidence from epidemiological and animal studies.","volume":"41","author":"Kilian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.12.079","article-title":"Mutations Enhance the Aggregation Propensity of the Alzheimer\u2019s A\u03b2 Peptide.","volume":"377","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0144","article-title":"Microtubule-associated protein tau is essential for long-term depression in the hippocampus.","volume":"369","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3810","article-title":"The amyloid state and its association with protein misfolding diseases.","volume":"15","author":"Knowles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3209","article-title":"Microtubule nucleation by \u03b3-tubulin complexes.","volume":"12","author":"Kollman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.007","article-title":"Autosomal dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease caused by SNCA duplications.","volume":"22","author":"Konno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19312","article-title":"The prion protein is an agonistic ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor Adgrg6.","volume":"536","author":"K\u00fcffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34072","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059","article-title":"Amyloid-beta peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimers disease.","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.11.130","article-title":"Dual role of p53 amyloid formation in cancer; loss of function and gain of toxicity.","volume":"430","author":"Lasagna-Reeves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-9-29","article-title":"Motor and cognitive deficits in aged tau knockout mice in two background strains.","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701250104","article-title":"Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles.","volume":"104","author":"Linse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2418-2","article-title":"Regulation of Neurotransmitter Release by Amyloid Precursor Protein Through Synapsin Phosphorylation.","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386483-3.00005-7","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic acid-mediated protein aggregation and assembly"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0132-6","article-title":"Dementia in Down syndrome: unique insights for Alzheimer disease research.","volume":"15","author":"Lott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008148","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-1-related amyloidosis 2 case reports and review of the literature.","volume":"96","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2019.02.003","article-title":"APP depletion alters selective pre- and post-synaptic proteins.","volume":"95","author":"Martinsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244827","article-title":"Elastic instability of a crystal growing on a curved surface.","volume":"343","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153810","article-title":"Lipid and Lipid Raft Alteration in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Window for the Development of New Biomarkers.","volume":"20","author":"Mesa-Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1110","article-title":"Total prion protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are reduced in patients with various neurological disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Meyne","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201713416","article-title":"The Amyloid Polymorphism in the Protein Folding and Aggregation Energy Landscape.","volume":"57","author":"Mezzenga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00030","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of secreted amyloid precursor protein APPs\u03b1.","volume":"10","author":"Mockett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27806","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses of cerebrospinal fluid \u03b1-Synuclein in prodromal and early Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"34","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.10.039","article-title":"Environmental conditions affect the kinetics of nucleation of amyloid fibrils and determine their morphology.","volume":"99","author":"Morel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000443200","article-title":"Immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis: From basics to new developments in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.","volume":"135","author":"Muchtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E684","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.4.e684","article-title":"Islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin)-deficient mice develop a more severe form of alloxan-induced diabetes.","volume":"278","author":"Mulder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.9b00796","article-title":"Prion-like p53 Amyloids in Cancer.","volume":"59","author":"Navalkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.01.159","article-title":"Surface-enhanced nucleation of insulin amyloid fibrillation.","volume":"369","author":"Nayak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101020","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 as a modulator of synaptic plasticity.","volume":"22","author":"Parihar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.04.078","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s and Lewy body dementia CSF biomarkers.","volume":"495","author":"Parnetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205015666180911151716","article-title":"The Role of Lipids and Membranes in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Comprehensive View.","volume":"15","author":"Penke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-014-8302-1","article-title":"Altered cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid \u03b2 and amyloid precursor-like protein 1 peptides in Down\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"16","author":"Portelius","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/489428","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E: essential catalyst of the Alzheimer amyloid cascade.","volume":"2012","author":"Potter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33996","article-title":"TDP-43 aggregation mirrors TDP-43 knockdown, affecting the expression levels of a common set of proteins.","volume":"6","author":"Prpar Mihevc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B92","article-title":"The effect of nucleation on icy pebble growth in protoplanetary discs.","author":"Ros","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv[Preprint]"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt097","article-title":"Is SOD1 loss of function involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?","volume":"136","author":"Saccon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/380528a0","article-title":"Loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in aged mice homozygous for a disrupted PrP gene.","volume":"380","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S84784","article-title":"Dialysis-related amyloidosis: Challenges and solutions.","volume":"9","author":"Scarpioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074069","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease is a synaptic failure.","volume":"298","author":"Selkoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (80-.)."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04672.x","article-title":"Amyloid precursor protein knockdown by siRNA impairs spontaneous alternation in adult mice.","volume":"102","author":"Senechal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.77.032207.120833","article-title":"Collagen Structure and Stability.","volume":"78","author":"Shoulders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.11.001","article-title":"Prion hypothesis: the end of the controversy?","volume":"36","author":"Soto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2512-0","article-title":"Knockout of Amyloid \u03b2 Protein Precursor (APP) Expression Alters Synaptogenesis, Neurite Branching and Axonal Morphology of Hippocampal Neurons.","volume":"44","author":"Southam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3674","article-title":"\u03b2\u2212Amyloid Aggregation and Heterogeneous Nucleation.","volume":"28","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2011.53","article-title":"A deadly spread: cellular mechanisms of \u03b1-synuclein transfer.","volume":"18","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.979","article-title":"CSF tau and A\u03b242 levels in patients with Down\u2019s syndrome.","volume":"56","author":"Tapiola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cc02204f","article-title":"Secondary nucleation in amyloid formation.","volume":"9","author":"T\u00f6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophys Rev."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.08.024","article-title":"Decreased \u03b1-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"349","author":"Tokuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2669-6","article-title":"Analysis of Motor Function in Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 2 Knockout Mice: The Effects of Ageing and Sex.","volume":"44","author":"Truong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2012.07.009","article-title":"Amyloid precursor protein (APP) regulates synaptic structure and function.","volume":"51","author":"Tyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300282r","article-title":"Molecular structures of amyloid and prion fibrils: Consensus versus controversy.","volume":"46","author":"Tycko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.11.003","article-title":"TDP-43-mediated neurodegeneration: Towards a loss-of-function hypothesis?","volume":"20","author":"Vanden Broeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9678-2","article-title":"Biomineralization mechanisms: A new paradigm for crystal nucleation in organic matrices.","volume":"93","author":"Veis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1021\/cg1011633","article-title":"Nucleation.","volume":"10","author":"Vekilov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12775","article-title":"Acute tau knockdown in the hippocampus of adult mice causes learning and memory deficits.","volume":"17","author":"Velazquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/272374","article-title":"Consequences of inhibiting amyloid precursor protein processing enzymes on synaptic function and plasticity.","volume":"2012","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2014.961454","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322641111","article-title":"Partial loss of TDP-43 function causes phenotypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","volume":"111","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201911782","article-title":"Nucleation and Growth of Amino Acid and Peptide Supramolecular Polymers through Liquid \u2013 Liquid Phase Separation.","volume":"100190","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv087","article-title":"A brief history of prions.","volume":"73","author":"Zabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0414-6","article-title":"Cellular microparticles and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury.","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00256\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T01:37:51Z","timestamp":1587433071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00256\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2020.00256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00256","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0273.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201909.0273.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"article-number":"256"}}