{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T11:48:34Z","timestamp":1792324114251,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemsex is described as the use of specific psychoactive substances (PS) during sexual activity to sustain, enhance, disinhibit or facilitate the sexual experience. It preferentially concerns men who have sex with men (MSM). They use new synthetic substances like cathinones, methamphetamines, gamma-butyrolactone\/gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GBL\/GHB), ketamine, and cocaine. The prevalence of chemsex varies from 3 to 31% during lifetime. The Internet has participated significantly in the evolution of sexual behaviors, both in terms of sexual dating and the availability of new synthetic substances. The advent of geolocation applications contributed to the development of chemsex. The literature describes many complications linked to these sexual practices; the main clinical effects related to cathinones consumption were psychiatric symptoms; agitation, hallucinations, anxiety, suicidal ideation, paranoia, and confusion. Regular GBL\/GHB consumption alter cognitive functions, particularly memory and emotion management. Use of these drugs in party and play is dramatically associated with high-risk sexual behaviors. The prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C syphilis, and HIV is higher in men who use methamphetamine and Viagra and\/or who declared they practiced slamming, chemsex, and fisting. Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea have increased with methamphetamine and GHB\/GBL use. Actually, the care of individuals who practice Chemsex in a problematic way is currently not codified, but the use of integrative and specific interventions is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.548704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T01:07:31Z","timestamp":1606439251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Complications Related to Sexualized Drug Use: What Can We Learn From Literature?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Donnadieu-Rigole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Peyri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Benyamina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Karila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0000000000000116","article-title":"Case series of 21 synthetic cathinones abuse.","volume":"34","author":"Batisse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03145.x","article-title":"Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal.","volume":"106","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00294.x","article-title":"Attitudes toward methamphetamine use and HIV risk behavior in men who have sex with men.","volume":"21","author":"Benotsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0516-6","article-title":"Baclofen to prevent relapse in gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-dependent patients: a multicentre, open-label, non-randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"32","author":"Beurmanjer","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.013","article-title":"Illicit drug use in sexual setting (\u00ab Chemsex \u00bb) and HIV\/STI transmission risk behaviour among gay men in south London: findings from a qualitative study.","volume":"91","author":"Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Trans. Infect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000786","article-title":"Increasing use of \u00ab party drugs \u00bb in people living with HIV on antiretrovirals: a concern for patient safety.","volume":"29","author":"Bracchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of recent injecting drug use among gay and bisexual men in Australia: results from the FLUX study.","volume":"55","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz009","article-title":"Nails analysis for drugs used in the context of chemsex: a pilot study.","author":"Busardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180925090834","article-title":"Replacing GHB with GBL in recreational setting: a new trend in Chemsex.","volume":"19","author":"Busardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"3777","article-title":"Mephedrone related fatalities: a review.","volume":"19","author":"Busardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856218822748","article-title":"Inpatient management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal.","volume":"27","author":"Cappetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Austr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491613100210","article-title":"Online Hookup sites for meeting sexual partners among men who have sex with men in Rhode Island, 2013: a call for public health action.","volume":"131","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Publ. Health Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.009","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones: chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as \u00ab bath salts \u00bb or \u00ab plant food \u00bb.","volume":"211","author":"Coppola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12063","article-title":"From \u201cSpecial K\u201d to \u201cSpecial M\u201d: the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine.","volume":"19","author":"Corazza","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.312","article-title":"The pharmacology and toxicology of the synthetic cathinone mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone).","volume":"3","author":"Dargan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug. Test. Anal."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.11.007","article-title":"Reference group to the United Nations on HIV and injecting drug use. Meth\/amphetamine use and associated HIV: implications for global policy and public health.","volume":"21","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.003","article-title":"MDPV in forensic routine cases: psychotic and aggressive behavior in relation to plasma concentrations.","volume":"283","author":"Diestelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318797437","article-title":"Stigma and shame experiences by MSM who take PrEP for HIV prevention: a qualitative study.","volume":"12","author":"Dubov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.002","article-title":"Sexualised drug use in the United Kingdom (UK): a review of the literature.","volume":"55","author":"Edmundson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12487","article-title":"Recreational drug use and chemsex among HIV-infected in-patients: a unique screening opportunity.","volume":"18","author":"Elliot","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2016.1172594","article-title":"Fatal overdose from synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones in Japan: demographics and autopsy findings.","volume":"42","author":"Ezaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-009-9495-5","article-title":"Methamphetamine and Viagra use: relationship to sexual risk behaviors.","volume":"40","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.12.003","article-title":"Virtually a drug scare: mephedrone and the impact of the internet on drug news transmission.","volume":"23","author":"Forsyth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0446-8","article-title":"Acute methylenedioxypyrovalerone toxicity.","volume":"11","author":"Froberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2005.075630","article-title":"Tip of the iceberg: young men who have sex with men, the Internet, and HIV risk.","volume":"97","author":"Garofalo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052014","article-title":"Sex, drugs and smart phone applications: findings from semistructured interviews with men who have sex with men diagnosed with Shigella flexneri 3a in England and Wales.","volume":"91","author":"Gilbart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666161117151148","article-title":"When \u00ab Chems \u00bb meet sex: a rising phenomenon called \u00ab ChemSex \u00bb.","volume":"15","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2013.871626","article-title":"Gay and bisexual men\u2019s use of the internet: research from the 1990s throught.","volume":"51","author":"Grov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.021","article-title":"The new MTV generation: using metamphetamines. TruvadaTM, and ViagraTM to enhance sex and stay safe.","volume":"55","author":"Hammoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.017","article-title":"Patterns of injecting and non-injecting drug use by sexual behaviour in people who inject drugs attending services in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2013-2016.","volume":"55","author":"Heinsbroek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.11.039","article-title":"An observed rise in \u03b3-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths in London: evidence to suggest a possible link with concomitant rise in chemsex.","volume":"270","author":"Hockenhull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90057-9","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of the stimulant khat.","volume":"48","author":"Kalix","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.023","article-title":"Interventions to address substance use and sexual risk among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men who use amphetamines: a systematic review.","volume":"194","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH18159","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of chemsex drug use and gonorrhoea diagnosis among men who have sex with men in UK.","author":"Kohli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_110","article-title":"Fatal poisonings associated with new psychoactive substances.","volume":"252","author":"Kronstrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.02.018","article-title":"Substances-linked sex in heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual men and women: an online, cross-sectional \u00ab global drug survey \u00bb report.","volume":"16","author":"Lawn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sex Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051332","article-title":"Internet-based partner selection and risk for unprotected anal intercourse in sexual encounters among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"90","author":"Lewnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.06.005","article-title":"Clinical management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal delirium with CIWA-Ar protocol.","volume":"117","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14043","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signaling.","volume":"145","author":"Liechti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11249","article-title":"How LGBT+ young people use the Internet in relation to their mental health and envisage the use of e-therapy: exploratory study.","volume":"6","author":"Lucassen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.014","article-title":"Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"63","author":"Maxwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3450-0","article-title":"A study protocol for the N-ICE trial: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of the safety and efficacy of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) as a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine (\u201cice\u201d) dependence.","volume":"20","author":"McKetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.283","article-title":"Dose-related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study.","volume":"70","author":"McKetin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2286-z","article-title":"Disclosure of HIV serostatus and pre-exposure prophylaxis use on internet hookup sites among men who have sex with men.","volume":"23","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.014","article-title":"Correlates and subgroups of injecting drug use in UK gay and bisexual men: findings from the 2014 gay men\u2019s sex survey.","volume":"187","author":"Melendez-Torres","year":"","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.01.007","article-title":"Typology of drug use in United Kingdom men who have sex with men and associations with socio-sexual characteristics.","volume":"55","author":"Melendez-Torres","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x","article-title":"Ketamine use: a review.","volume":"107","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-018-0112-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of methamphetamine on traumatic injury complications and outcomes.","volume":"13","author":"Neeki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-018-0636-8","article-title":"Course and complications of GHB detoxification treatment a 1-year case series.","volume":"90","author":"Neu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0451-y","article-title":"Prevalence of rhabdomyolysis in sympathomimetic toxicity: a comparaison of stimulants.","volume":"11","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170704130213","article-title":"Mephedrone concentrations in cases of clinical intoxication.","volume":"23","author":"Papaseit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2086-5","article-title":"Testing the efficacy of combined motivation interview and cognitive behavioral skills training to reduce methamphetamine use and improve HIV medication adherence among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men.","volume":"22","author":"Parson","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.005","article-title":"Excited delirium following use of synthetic cathinones (bath salts).","volume":"34","author":"Penders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.11.019","article-title":"Mephedrone: a new synthetic drug.","volume":"42","author":"Petit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Press Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418814998","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance of syphilis cases among men who have sex with men in London, October 2016-January 2017.","volume":"30","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Std. Aids"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000497381","article-title":"Influence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-use and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced coma on affect and the affective network.","volume":"25","author":"Raposo Pereira","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.019","article-title":"Adverse effects of GHB-induced coma on long-term memory and realted brain function.","volume":"190","author":"Raposo Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00166","article-title":"Effects of recreational GHB and multiple GHB-induced comas on brain structure and impulsivity.","volume":"11","author":"Raposo Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24532","article-title":"Recreational use of GHB is associated with alterations of resting state functional connectivity of the central executive and default mode networks.","volume":"40","author":"Raposo Pereira","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.11.029","article-title":"Development of an evidence-based, gay-specific cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for methamphetamine-abusing gay and bisexual men.","volume":"39","author":"Reback","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2018.1514205","article-title":"Grindr killed the gay bar, and other attemps to blame social technologies for urban development: a democratic approach to popular technologies and queer sociality.","volume":"17","author":"Renninger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiorev.2018.07.015","article-title":"Abuse potential and toxicity of the synthetic cathinones (i.e., \u00ab Bath salts \u00bb).","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0218-8","article-title":"Sympathomimetic effects of chronic methamphetamine abuse on oral health: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"Rommel","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.03.005","article-title":"Characteristics of the use of 3-MMC and other new psychoactive drugs in Slovenia, and the perceived problems experienced by users.","volume":"27","author":"Sande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.09.007","article-title":"Illicit drug use among gay and bisexual men in 44 cities: findings from the European MSM internet survey (EMIS).","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Pol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1353094","article-title":"An internet-based survey of 96 german-speaking users of \u201cbath salts\u201d: frequent complications, risky sexual behavior, violence, and delinquency.","volume":"56","author":"Schmoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9031-0","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamines: a critical review and meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz020","article-title":"Acute Psychiatric Disorders Related to fake Cathinones: Ephylone.","volume":"43","author":"Serre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318221b2db","article-title":"Discriminative-stimulus, subject-rated, and physiological effects of methamphetamine in human pretreated with aripiprazole.","volume":"31","author":"Sevak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053439","article-title":"Changes in recreational drug use, drug use associated with chemsex, and HIV-related behaviours, among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in London and Brighton, 2013-2016.","volume":"94","author":"Sewell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.021","article-title":"Changes in chemsex and sexual behaviour over time, among a cohort of MSM in London and Brighton: findings from the AURAH2 study.","volume":"68","author":"Sewell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.09.012","article-title":"Dental disease patterns in methamphetamine users: findings in a large urban sample.","volume":"146","author":"Shetty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.18000034","article-title":"Rebound in sexually transmitted infections following the success of antiretrovirals for HIV\/AIDS.","volume":"20","author":"Soriano","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.590812","article-title":"Clinical experience with and analytical confirmation of \u201cbath salts\u201d and \u201clegal highs\u201d (synthetic cathinones) in the United States.","volume":"49","author":"Spiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000258339.17325.93","article-title":"Viagra, methamphetamine, and HIV risk: results from a probability sample of MSM. San Francisco.","volume":"34","author":"Spindler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052469","article-title":"Gay mobile apps and the evolving virtual risk environment: a cross-sectional online survey among men who have sex with men in China.","volume":"92","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1166508","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of \u03b1-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (\u03b1-PVP) poisoning.","volume":"54","author":"Umebachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3945-z","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C infection, screening and associated factors among men who have sex with men attending gay venues: a cross-sectional survey (PREVAGAY), France 2015.","volume":"19","author":"Vaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988316687843","article-title":"Grindr, Scruff, and on the hunt: predictors of condomless anal sex, Internet use, and mobile application use among men who have sex with men.","volume":"11","author":"Whitfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03502.x","article-title":"Mephedrone: use, subjective effects and health risks.","volume":"106","author":"Winstock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e3283573115","article-title":"Five-year trends in self-reported recreational drugs associated with presentation to a UK emergency department with suspected drug-related toxicity.","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Emerg. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.548704\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T01:07:33Z","timestamp":1606439253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.548704\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2020.548704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.548704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"article-number":"548704"}}