{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:18:49Z","timestamp":1767611929732,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) lesioning is a new treatment for brain disorders. However, the skull is a major barrier of ultrasound sonication in MRgFUS because it has an irregular surface and varies its size and shape among individuals. We recently developed the concept of skull density ratio (SDR) to select candidates for MRgFUS from among patients with essential tremor (ET). However, SDR is not the only factor contributing to successful MRgFUS lesioning treatment\u2014refining the target through exact measurement of the ultrasonic echo in the transducer also improves treatment efficacy. In the present study, we carried out MRgFUS lesioning using an autofocusing echo imaging technique. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this new approach, especially in patients with low SDR in whom previous focusing methods have failed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From December 2019 to March 2020, we recruited 10 patients with ET or Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) who had a low SDR. Two patients dropped out of the trial due to the screening failure of other medical diseases. In total, eight patients were included: six with ET who underwent MRgFUS thalamotomy and two with PD who underwent MRgFUS pallidotomy. The autofocusing echo imaging technique was used in all cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean SDR of the patients with ET was 0.34 (range: 0.29\u20130.39), while that of the patients with PD was 0.41 (range: 0.38\u20130.44). The mean skull volume of patients with ET was 280.57 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (range: 227\u2013319 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), while that of the patients with PD was 287.13 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (range: 271\u2013303 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). During MRgFUS, a mean of 15 sonications were performed, among which a mean of 5.63 used the autofocusing technique. The mean maximal temperature (Tmax) achieved was 55.88\u00b0C (range: 52\u201359\u00b0C), while the mean energy delivered was 34.75 kJ (range: 20\u201342 kJ) among all patients. No serious adverse events occurred during or after treatment. Tmax or sonication factors (skull volume, SDR, sonication number, autofocusing score, similarity score, energy range, and power) were not correlated with autofocusing technique (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05, autofocusing score showed a <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value of 0.071).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using autofocusing echo imaging lesioning, a safe and efficient MRgFUS treatment, is available even for patients with a low SDR. Therefore, the indications for MRgFUS lesioning could be expanded to include patients with ET who have an SDR &amp;lt; 0.4 and those with PD who have an SDR &amp;lt; 0.45.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: NCT03935581.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.592763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T08:49:05Z","timestamp":1610527745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery With Autofocusing Echo Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kyung Won","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itay","family":"Rachmilevitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won Seok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Zadicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Prus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3098","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for patients with medication-refractory, tremor-dominant Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"74","author":"Bond","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.JNS182571","article-title":"The relevance of skull density ratio in selecting candidates for transcranial MR-guided focused ultrasound.","author":"Boutet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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