{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:40:28Z","timestamp":1791499228627,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015829","name":"Ministerstwo Zdrowia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6\/H\/E\/K\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6\/H\/E\/K\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015829","name":"Ministerstwo Zdrowia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68\/H\/E\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68\/H\/E\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence suggests that both opioid addicted and gambling addicted individuals are characterized by higher levels of risky behavior in comparison to healthy people. It has been shown that the administration of substitution drugs can reduce cravings for opioids and the risky decisions made by individuals addicted to opioids. Although it is suggested that the neurobiological foundations of addiction are similar, it is possible that risk behaviors in opioid addicts may differ in detail from those addicted to gambling. The aim of this work was to compare the level of risk behavior in individuals addicted to opioid, with that of individuals addicted to gambling, using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The score and response time during the task were measured. It was also observed, in the basis of the whole IGT test, that individuals addicted to gambling make riskier decisions in comparison to healthy individuals from the control group but less riskier decisions in comparison to individuals addicted to opioids, before administration of methadone and without any statistically significant difference after administration of methadone\u2014as there has been growing evidence that methadone administration is strongly associated with a significant decrease in risky behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.597524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T04:29:10Z","timestamp":1609993750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Risk Behavior in Gambling Addicted and Opioid Addicted Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Gorzela\u0144czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Walecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"B\u0142aszczyszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Laskowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kawala-Sterniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Poland-World Prison Brief 2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.19082\/5129","article-title":"Itriangular relationship among risky sexual behavior, addiction, and aggression: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron Phys"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00034","article-title":"Utility of machine-learning approaches to identify behavioral markers for substance use disorders: impulsivity dimensions as predictors of current cocaine dependence","volume":"7","author":"Ahn","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"53","article-title":"\u201cComputational modeling for addiction medicine: from cognitive models to clinical applications,\u201d","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"Ahn","year":""},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000460","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of adolescent decision-making with the Iowa gambling task","volume":"54","author":"Almy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn","year":"2013"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00182","article-title":"What motivates gambling behavior? Insight into dopamine's role","volume":"7","author":"Anselme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.188695","article-title":"Hot and cold executive functions in pure opioid users undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: effects of methadone dose, treatment duration, and time between last methadone administration and testing","volume":"19","author":"Barahmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nigerian J. Clin. Pract"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00015-5","article-title":"Decision-making and addiction (Part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences","volume":"40","author":"Bechara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00016-7","article-title":"Decision-making and addiction (Part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward?","volume":"40","author":"Bechara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.050","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity","volume":"85","author":"Blanchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10736099","article-title":"The reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive and compulsive behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Blum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00665","article-title":"Iowa gambling task (IGT): twenty years after-gambling disorder and IGT","volume":"4","author":"Brevers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.06.004","article-title":"Cognitive processes underlying impaired decision-making under uncertainty in gambling disorder","volume":"39","author":"Brevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12239","article-title":"Increased ventral-striatal activity during monetary decision making is a marker of problem poker gambling severity","volume":"21","author":"Brevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000499709","article-title":"Decision-making measured by the Iowa gambling task in patients with alcohol use disorders choosing harm reduction versus relapse prevention program","volume":"25","author":"Bri\u00e9re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-019-09884-7","article-title":"Gender diferences in gambling exposure and at-risk gambling behavior","volume":"35","author":"Carneiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-10-4","article-title":"Past-year gambling behaviour among patients receiving opioid substitution treatment","volume":"10","author":"Castren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prevent. Policy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2019.1643211","article-title":"Addictive behaviors in alcohol use disorder: dysregulation of reward processing systems and maladaptive coping strategies","volume":"37","author":"Cavicchioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09400-z","article-title":"Efficacy of pharmacological interventions in targeting decision-making impairments across substance and behavioral addictions","volume":"29","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5562-1_3","article-title":"\u201cSimilarities and differences in neurobiology,\u201d","volume-title":"Substance and Non-substance Addiction","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2017.0388","article-title":"Opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of pathological gambling","volume":"13","author":"Coppola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opioid Manage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000096","article-title":"Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review","volume":"143","author":"Dixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473708666150916113131","article-title":"Can decision making research provide a better understanding of chemical and behavioral addictions?","volume":"8","author":"Engel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.140401","article-title":"The neuropsychiatric spectrum of motivational disorders","volume":"14","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.185","article-title":"Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.77","article-title":"Cocaine cue-induced dopamine release in amygdala and hippocampus: a high-resolution pet [18 f] fallypride study in cocaine dependent participants","volume":"38","author":"Fotros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000252","article-title":"Experience with gambling in late childhood and early adolescence: implications for substance experimentation behavior","volume":"37","author":"Gallimberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12147","article-title":"Cumulative gains enhance striatal response to reward opportunities in alcohol-dependent patients","volume":"20","author":"Gilman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2014.12154.x","article-title":"Risk behavior in opioid-dependent individuals after the administration of a therapeutic dose of methadone","volume":"23","author":"Gorzela\u0144czyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1107289","article-title":"Improvement of saccadic functions after dosing with methadone in opioid addicted individuals","volume":"35","author":"Gorzela\u0144czyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.004","article-title":"Cooperation of the vestibular and cerebellar networks in anxiety disorders and depression","volume":"89","author":"Hilber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17319","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017319","article-title":"Adjuvant laser meridian massage in men with opioid use disorder on methadone maintenance treatment: protocol for a case-controlled study","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.1342","article-title":"Las personas con trastorno de juego en internet tienen deficiencias neurocognitivas y disfunciones sociocognitivas similares a los pacientes con dependencia de la metanfetamina\/individuals with internet gaming disorder have similar neurocognitive impairments and social cognitive dysfunctions as methamphetamine-dependent patients","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00719-3","article-title":"Impact of pharmacological treatments for opioid use disorder on mortality","volume":"34","author":"Kelty","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00397","article-title":"Bad choices make good stories: the impaired decision-making process and skin conductance response in subjects with smartphone addiction","volume":"10","author":"Khoury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.41","article-title":"Associations among the opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism, psychiatric symptoms, and quantitative EEG in Korean males with gambling disorder: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.045","article-title":"Distinguishing between gaming and gambling activities in addiction research","volume":"4","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.11.016","article-title":"Substance related disorders are associated with impaired valuation of delayed gratification and feedback processing: a multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"108","author":"Kluwe-Schiavon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.023","article-title":"Decision making measured by the Iowa gambling task in alcohol use disorder and gambling disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"181","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107593","article-title":"Decision making of individuals with heroin addiction receiving opioid maintenance treatment compared to early abstinent users","volume":"205","author":"Kriegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2550-7","article-title":"Similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity","volume":"219","author":"Leeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00232","article-title":"Is the clinical version of the Iowa gambling task relevant for assessing choice behavior in cases of internet addiction?","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03126.x","article-title":"Dopamine release in ventral striatum during Iowa gambling task performance is associated with increased excitement levels in pathological gambling","volume":"106","author":"Linnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.04.012","article-title":"Striatal dopamine release codes uncertainty in pathological gambling","volume":"204","author":"Linnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12494","article-title":"Strategic and non-strategic problem gamblers differ on decision-making under risk and ambiguity","volume":"109","author":"Lorains","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.265","article-title":"Dopamine and opioid neurotransmission in behavioral addictions: a comparative pet study in pathological gambling and binge eating","volume":"42","author":"Majuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163901","article-title":"Decision making impairment: a shared vulnerability in obesity, gambling disorder and substance use disorders?","volume":"11","author":"Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.024","article-title":"The psychology experiment building language (PEBL) and PEBL test battery","volume":"222","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13356","article-title":"Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies","volume":"1394","author":"Nautiyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01785","article-title":"Meta-analytic evidence for a reversal learning effect on the Iowa gambling task in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Pasion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024782","article-title":"Discounting of probabilistic rewards is associated with gambling abstinence in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers","volume":"121","author":"Petry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnormal Psychol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.008","article-title":"Impaired decision-making in opiate-dependent subjects: effect of pharmacological therapies","volume":"83","author":"Pirastu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.04.011","article-title":"Searching for replicable dopamine-related findings in gambling disorder","volume":"83","author":"Potenza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.09.001","article-title":"Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans","volume":"83","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Process"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12512","article-title":"Patients with non-substance-related disorders report a similar profile of childhood trauma experiences compared to heroin-dependent patients","volume":"26","author":"Schwaninger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159336","article-title":"Suboptimal choice in pigeons: Stimulus value predicts choice over frequencies","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06641-x","article-title":"Gambling-like behavior in pigeons: \u201cjackpot\u201d signals promote maladaptive risky choice","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20344","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making. human brain mapping","volume":"28","author":"Tanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.24425\/118089","article-title":"The influence of a single therapeutic dose of methadone on selected auditory functions in patients addicted to opioids and undergoing substitution therapy-a preliminary study","volume":"43","author":"Tarnowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.008","article-title":"Cue-induced craving and symptoms of online-buying-shopping disorder interfere with performance on the Iowa gambling task modified with online-shopping cues","volume":"96","author":"Trotzke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00034","article-title":"Comparing the Iowa and Soochow gambling tasks in opiate users","volume":"6","author":"Upton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13874","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13874","article-title":"Irrational choice and the value of information","volume":"5","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01287","article-title":"Gambling behavior and risk factors in preadolescent students: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Vegni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170718144058","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for pharmacological treatment of gambling disorder: are they relevant?","volume":"16","author":"Victorri-Vigneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan2595","article-title":"Medication development in opioid addiction: meaningful clinical end points","volume":"10","author":"Volkow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.040","article-title":"New developments in brain research of internet and gaming disorder","volume":"75","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000051","article-title":"Gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions: recognition and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Yau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harvard Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3282effbd3","article-title":"Probability discounting among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers: molecular analysis discerns group differences","volume":"18","author":"Yi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.095","article-title":"The similarities and differences in impulsivity and cognitive ability among ketamine, methadone, and non-drug users","volume":"243","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/xan0000085","article-title":"Resolving the paradox of suboptimal choice","volume":"42","author":"Zentall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Cogn"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.597524\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T04:29:15Z","timestamp":1609993755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.597524\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2020.597524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.597524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"article-number":"597524"}}