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Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although unconscious processing is a key element of mental operation, its neural correlates have not been established. Also, clinical observations suggest that unconscious processing may be involved in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such impairments remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing by healthy participants and to determine whether these mechanisms may be altered in PTSD patients. Twenty patients with PTSD and 27 healthy individuals were administered a validated wheel of fortune-type gambling task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Unconscious processing was elicited using unconscious contextual framing of the zero monetary outcomes as \u201cno loss,\u201d \u201cno gain\u201d or as \u201cneutral.\u201d Brief passive visual processing of the \u201cno loss\u201d vs. \u201cno gain\u201d contrast by healthy participants yielded bilateral frontal-, temporal- and insular cortices and striatal activations. Between-group comparison revealed smaller activity in the left anterior prefrontal-, left dorsolateral prefrontal-, right temporal- and right insular cortices and in bilateral striatum in PTSD patients with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity been more pronounced in those with greater PTSD severity. These observations implicate frontal-, temporal-, and insular cortices along with the striatum in the putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing of the monetary outcomes. Additionally, our results support the hypothesis that PTSD is associated with primary cortical and subcortical alterations involved in the above processes and that these alterations may be related to some aspects of PTSD symptomatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.604867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T13:53:57Z","timestamp":1610286837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanisms Underlying Unconscious Processing and Their Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Neuroimaging of Zero Monetary Outcomes Contextually Framed as \u201cNo Losses\u201d vs. \u201cNo Gains\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Elman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaymin","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Lowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keerthana","family":"Karunakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Albanese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Borsook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0328-17.2018","article-title":"Dynamic encoding of incentive salience in the ventral pallidum: dependence on the form of the reward cue.","volume":"5","author":"Ahrens","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002","article-title":"The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression.","volume":"35","author":"Alcaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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