{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:43:20Z","timestamp":1793195000944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042020kf0056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042020kf0056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The dopaminergic system is involved in many psychiatric disorders as a GABAergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic system. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the alteration of the dopaminergic system in anxiety and compulsive disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The databases of Pubmed, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched and articles reporting the involvement of the dopaminergic system in patients with anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) were recognized. The key research data were extracted from the included articles and standardized mean differences were calculated using meta-analyses if there were more than two studies with obtainable data. Sensitivity analyses were further performed to detect the stability of results, and the qualities of all the included studies were assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Finally, we identified 8 and 11 studies associated with anxiety disorder and OCD for further analysis, respectively. Most consistently, the striatal dopamine D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor (D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R) of OCD patients had decreased while no significant correlation was found between striatal D2R and disease severity. The striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) had not been significantly altered in both the anxiety disorder and OCD patients. The heterogeneity values from the meta-analyses were extremely high while those results remained stable after sensitivity analyses. Inconsistent data were found in the striatal D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>R of patients with anxiety disorder. Limited data had suggested that dopamine synthesis increased in most regions of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in OCD patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The most convincing finding was that the D<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> receptor decreased in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. The dopamine transporter may have no relationship with anxiety and compulsive disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.608520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T06:22:30Z","timestamp":1606976550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Dopaminergic System Alteration in Anxiety and Compulsive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mei-Xue","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Dynamic molecular imaging guides treatment options for attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)","author":"Badgaiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nuclear Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.023","article-title":"A critical review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"73","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.06.013","article-title":"Striatal dopamine type 2 receptor availability in anorexia nervosa","volume":"233","author":"Broft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00541-2","article-title":"A novel hippocampus metabolite signature in diabetes mellitus rat model of diabetic encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2016.1185413","article-title":"Targeting the dopamine D3 receptor: an overview of drug design strategies","volume":"11","author":"Cortes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.05.012","article-title":"Dopaminergic activity in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Denys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.023","article-title":"Low level of dopaminergic D2 receptor binding in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Denys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00257","article-title":"Integrated analysis reveals altered lipid and glucose metabolism and identifies NOTCH2 as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease related depression","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7505","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007505","article-title":"Cerebrovascular risk factors for patients with cerebral watershed infarction: a case-control study based on computed tomography angiography in a population from Southwest China","volume":"96","author":"Dong","year":"","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158848","article-title":"Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator induces neurological side effects independent on thrombolysis in mechanical animal models of focal cerebral infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.039","article-title":"Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator induces long-term anxiety-like behaviors via the ERK1\/2-GAD1-GABA cascade in the hippocampus of a rat model","volume":"128","author":"Dong","year":"","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524107","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1524107","article-title":"Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity: a biomarker for Parkinson's disease and related dementia","volume":"2017","author":"Dong","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr111","article-title":"Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, part I: meta-analysis of dopamine active transporter (DAT) density","volume":"39","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11060940","article-title":"Striatal dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28033","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28033","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the prevalence of anxiety disorders in mainland China from 2000 to 2015","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.07.002","article-title":"Serotonin and dopamine transporter imaging in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"140","author":"Hesse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0618-7","article-title":"Expression and co-expression of serotonin and dopamine transporters in social anxiety disorder: a multitracer positron emission tomography study","author":"Hjorth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"S195","article-title":"Striatal dopamine transporter availability in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial using [TC99 M]-TRODAT-1 SPECT","volume":"38","author":"Hoexter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0178","article-title":"Dopamine-related disruption of functional topography of striatal connections in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia","volume":"73","author":"Horga","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-014-1469-5","article-title":"Brain dopaminergic system changes in drug addiction: a review of positron emission tomography findings","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12139","article-title":"L-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[F-18]fluorophenylalanine positron emission tomography demonstrating dopaminergic system abnormality in the brains of obsessive-compulsive disorder patients","volume":"68","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00080","article-title":"Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis reveals plasma lipid metabolic disturbance in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-S1-S1","article-title":"Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Katzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1245-7","article-title":"Dopamine transporter density of basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000067","article-title":"Lower availability of striatal dopamine transporter in generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary two-ligand SPECT study","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.06.007","article-title":"Current drug treatments targeting dopamine D3 receptor","volume":"165","author":"Leggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.045","article-title":"Molecular imaging of striatal dopamine transporters in major depression\u2013a meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.04.014","article-title":"Dopamine transporter binding in females with panic disorder may vary with clinical status","volume":"44","author":"Maron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040","article-title":"The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential","volume":"62","author":"Mohler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.009","article-title":"Fronto-striatal glutamatergic compounds in compulsive and impulsive syndromes: a review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"52","author":"Naaijen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(14)70284-6","article-title":"Fronto-striatal glutamate in compulsive and impulsive syndromes: a review of MR spectroscopy studies","volume":"24","author":"Naaijen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.137","article-title":"Brain serotonin and dopamine transporter bindings in adults with high-functioning autism","volume":"67","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2010.21.2.119","article-title":"Cortical GABA, striatal dopamine and midbrain serotonin as the key players in compulsive and anxiety disorders\u2013results from in vivo imaging studies","volume":"21","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revi.Neurosci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3413\/Nukmed-0647-14-03","article-title":"Focus on GABAA receptor function: a comparative analysis of in vivo imaging studies in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"53","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0014","article-title":"Different patterns of 5-HT receptor and transporter dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders\u2013a comparative analysis of in vivo imaging findings","volume":"27","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.020","article-title":"Dopamine D1 receptor binding in the striatum of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"114","author":"Olver","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.04.004","article-title":"Dopamine D(1) receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"183","author":"Olver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.233","article-title":"In vivo PET study of 5HT(2A) serotonin and D(2) dopamine dysfunction in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Perani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6028-09.2010","article-title":"Dopamine, time, and impulsivity in humans","volume":"30","author":"Pine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"677","article-title":"Elevated levels of orbitofrontal dopamine D2-receptors in patients with social anxiety disorder","volume":"36","author":"Plav\u00e9n Sigray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.03.007","article-title":"Extrastriatal dopamine D2-receptor availability in social anxiety disorder","volume":"27","author":"Plav\u00e9n-Sigray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1059424","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: an update","volume":"16","author":"Reinhold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20543","article-title":"Dopamine transporters, D2 receptors, and dopamine release in generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"26","author":"Schneier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.3.457","article-title":"Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia","volume":"157","author":"Schneier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20268","article-title":"Striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability in OCD with and without comorbid social anxiety disorder: preliminary findings","volume":"25","author":"Schneier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23244","article-title":"Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies","author":"Sch\u00fcr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13r08767","article-title":"Glutamatergic dysregulation in pediatric psychiatric disorders: a systematic review of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature","volume":"75","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21809","article-title":"Extrastriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in tourette syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Steeves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0268-9","article-title":"A 2012 evidence-based algorithm for the pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Stein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.239","article-title":"Dopamine reuptake site densities in patients with social phobia","volume":"154","author":"Tiihonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2201","article-title":"Enhanced dopamine transporter density in psychotropic-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder shown by [123I]\u03b2-CIT SPECT","volume":"161","author":"Van der Wee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.045518","article-title":"Increased serotonin and dopamine transporter binding in psychotropic medication-Na\u00efve patients with generalized social anxiety disorder shown by 123I-\u03b2-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane SPECT","volume":"49","author":"Van der Wee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Reduced striatal dopamine transporter binding in major depressive disorder","author":"Wooten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.5.768","article-title":"PET study of [18F]6-fluoro-L-dopa uptake in neuroleptic and mood-stabilizer-naive first-episode nonpsychotic mania: effects of treatment with divalproex sodium","volume":"159","author":"Yatham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.608520\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T06:22:34Z","timestamp":1606976554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.608520\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2020.608520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.608520","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"article-number":"608520"}}