{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:45:35Z","timestamp":1793317535807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different bacterial families colonize most mucosal tissues in the human organism such as the skin, mouth, vagina, respiratory, and gastrointestinal districts. In particular, the mammalian intestine hosts a microbial community of between 1,000 and 1,500 bacterial species, collectively called \u201cmicrobiota.\u201d Co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host system is generated and the symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial. The balance that is achieved between the microbiota and the host organism is fundamental to the organization of the immune system. Scientific studies have highlighted a direct correlation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, establishing the existence of the gut microbiota\u2013brain axis. Based on this theory, the microbiota acts on the development, physiology, and cognitive functions of the brain, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully interpreted. Similarly, a close relationship between alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the onset of several neurological pathologies has been highlighted. This review aims to point out current knowledge as can be found in literature regarding the connection between intestinal dysbiosis and the onset of particular neurological pathologies such as anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. These disorders have always been considered to be a consequence of neuronal alteration, but in this review, we hypothesize that these alterations may be non-neuronal in origin, and consider the idea that the composition of the microbiota could be directly involved. In this direction, the following two key points will be highlighted: (1) the direct cross-talk that comes about between neurons and gut microbiota, and (2) the degree of impact of the microbiota on the brain. Could we consider the microbiota a valuable target for reducing or modulating the incidence of certain neurological diseases?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:39:25Z","timestamp":1616459965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["The Contribution of Gut Microbiota\u2013Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Maiuolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Gliozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Nucera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Scicchitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Oppedisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Caterina","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Macri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mollace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome.","volume":"6","author":"Aagard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.17116\/jnevro201811808262","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving different disease-modifying therapies DMT.","volume":"118","author":"Abdurasulova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S S Korsakova"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.019","article-title":"Treatment resistant depression: a multi-scale, systems biology approach.","volume":"84","author":"Akil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_6","article-title":"The brain-gut axis in health and disease.","volume":"817","author":"Al Omran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Differential expression of toll-like receptor 13 and ribosomal protein L29 in inflammatory lung and brain.","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002","article-title":"The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity.","volume":"39","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Enrichment and detection of Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes in retail food samples.","volume":"152","author":"Anwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6802a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 Years \u2014 Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014.","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.048","article-title":"Beyond the critical point: an overview of excitotoxicity, calcium overload and the downstream consequences.","volume":"663","author":"Bano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.008","article-title":"Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota.","volume":"46","author":"Belkaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01796.x","article-title":"The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication.","volume":"23","author":"Bercik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw048","article-title":"Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs.","volume":"74","author":"Berding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711233114","article-title":"Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.","volume":"114","author":"Berer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.05.002","article-title":"Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders.","volume":"20","author":"Borre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc1907962","article-title":"Muco-obstructive lung diseases.","volume":"381","author":"Boyton","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"15","article-title":"Benefits of breastfeeding and risks associated with not breastfeeding.","volume":"88","author":"Brahm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Pediatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve.","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00044","article-title":"Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Breit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041841","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of T cells during inflammation and autoimmunity.","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.06.003","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with multiple sclerosis fatigue: A fatigue-metabolism nexus?","volume":"13","author":"Browne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.210","article-title":"Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States.","volume":"168","author":"Buescher","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12801","article-title":"From depression to anxiety, and back.","volume":"136","author":"Bui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i30.5486","article-title":"Influence of gut microbiota on neuropsychiatric disorders.","volume":"23","author":"Cenit","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.10.032","article-title":"Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"110","author":"Cermak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.01.011","article-title":"Enteric nervous system manifestations of neurodegenerative disease.","author":"Chalazonitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B26","article-title":"IL-10 promotes neurite outgrowth and synapse formation in cultured cortical neurons after the oxygen-glucose deprivation via JAK1\/STAT3 pathway.","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103082","article-title":"Neuronal cell death mechanisms in major neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"19","author":"Chi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8168717","article-title":"Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current applications and future perspectives.","volume":"2018","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25979","article-title":"Enteric glial cells: New players in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"30","author":"Clairembault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707237","article-title":"Cell signaling pathways in the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against NMDA-induced cell death in vitro.","volume":"151","author":"Corasaniti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis.","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.026","article-title":"The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: a meta-analysis.","volume":"159","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090731","article-title":"Seasonal variation in human gut microbiome composition.","volume":"9","author":"Davenport","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2016.05.006","article-title":"[Antidepressant and tolerance: determinants and management of major side effects].","volume":"42","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720017115","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates maturation of the adult enteric nervous system via enteric serotonin networks.","volume":"115","author":"De Vadder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.001","article-title":"The gut microbiota in the first decade of life.","volume":"27","author":"Derrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: implications for brain and behaviour.","volume":"48","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180404094147","article-title":"New therapeutic drugs from bioactive natural molecules: the role of gut microbiota metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"19","author":"Di Meo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Metab."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12198","article-title":"Melancholic microbes: A link between gut microbiota and depression?","volume":"25","author":"Dinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0292-1","article-title":"Mood by microbe: towards clinical translation.","volume":"8","author":"Dinan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000000519","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota axis and mental health.","volume":"79","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.02.021","article-title":"Collective unconscious: how gut microbes shape human behavior.","volume":"63","author":"Dinan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2960-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota and autism: key concepts and findings.","volume":"47","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.01.060","article-title":"Gut microbiota, inflammation, and probiotics on neural development in autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"374","author":"Doenyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4528","article-title":"Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system.","volume":"20","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028035","article-title":"Pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"9","author":"Dugger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.02.034","article-title":"Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of ACPA and harmaline co-treatment.","volume":"364","author":"Ebrahimi-Ghiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00050-2","article-title":"Neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorder: brain structure and function across the lifespan.","volume":"14","author":"Ecker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00146","article-title":"Immune modulation of the brain-gut-microbe axis.","volume":"5","author":"El Aidy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS.","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9117-6","article-title":"Behavioral, cognitive, and adaptive development in infants with autism spectrum disorder in the first 2 years of life.","volume":"7","author":"Estes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666180706141654","article-title":"Overview of the recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment for autism.","volume":"17","author":"Famitafreshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2013.11","article-title":"Bacterial lipodipeptide, lipid 654, is a microbiome-associated biomarker for multiple sclerosis.","volume":"2","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030521","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders and the gut microbiota.","volume":"11","author":"Fattorusso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.11.035","article-title":"Associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety and cortisol responses to and recovery from acute stress.","volume":"102","author":"Fiksdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0110-z","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"7","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.04.001","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal exposure to propionic acid and lipopolysaccharide on social behavior in neonatal, adolescent, and adult rats: implications for autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Foley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07707.x","article-title":"The role of locus coeruleus in the antiepileptic activity induced by vagus nerve stimulation.","volume":"33","author":"Fornai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.09.446","article-title":"Clinical profiles and conversion rates among young individuals with autism spectrum disorder who present to clinical high risk for psychosis services.","volume":"58","author":"Foss-Feig","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease.","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1838(00)00127-2","article-title":"Types of neurons in the enteric nervous system.","volume":"81","author":"Furness","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"1","author":"Furness","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Enteric Nervous System."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2003.12.004","article-title":"Intrinsic primary afferent neurons and nerve circuits within the intestine.","volume":"72","author":"Furness","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.180","article-title":"The gut as a sensory organ.","volume":"10","author":"Furness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2018.12.002","article-title":"Consider the lung as a sensory organ: a tip from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells.","volume":"132","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060708","article-title":"Changes of colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"10","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113705","article-title":"You talking to me? Says the enteric nervous system (ENS) to the microbe. how intestinal microbes interact with the ENS.","volume":"9","author":"Giuffr\u00e8","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.020","article-title":"Microbiota-related changes in bile acid & tryptophan metabolism are associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction in a mouse model of autism.","volume":"24","author":"Golubeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-019-00561-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota in neurological disorders.","volume":"67","author":"Grochowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.022","article-title":"Apathy in early and late-life depression.","volume":"223","author":"Groeneweg-Koolhoven","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096905","article-title":"Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","volume":"9","author":"Grosso","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2019.00072","article-title":"Prediction and classification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on combined features from apolipoprotein-E genotype, cerebrospinal fluid, MR, and FDG-PET Imaging biomarkers.","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111236","article-title":"Dietary pea fiber supplementation improves glycemia and induces changes in the composition of gut microbiota, serum short chain fatty acid profile and expression of mucins in glucose intolerant rats.","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort.","volume":"5","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26942","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinson\u2019s disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome.","volume":"32","author":"Hill-Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291718002283","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"49","author":"Hollocks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14970","article-title":"Apoptotic cell death regulation in neurons.","volume":"286","author":"Hollville","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.04.019","article-title":"Gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease in a northern german cohort.","volume":"1667","author":"Hopfner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0000000000000308","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood.","volume":"30","author":"Howlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5083-9","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and gut microbiota.","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eubiosis and dysbiosis: the two sides of the microbiota.","volume":"39","author":"Iebba","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030792","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Iglesias-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000111","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.","volume":"143","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5603\/gp.2019.0041","article-title":"The early years of life. Are they influenced by our microbiome?","volume":"90","author":"Jagodzinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.11.006","article-title":"Nutrient sensing in the gut: new road to therapeutics?","volume":"24","author":"Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The gut microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20388","article-title":"Has increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries.","volume":"16","author":"Jorm","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30691-4","article-title":"Oxidative stress decreases the redox ratio and folate content in the gut microbe, Enterococcus durans (MTCC 3031).","volume":"8","author":"Jose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12950","article-title":"Review article: intestinal barrier dysfunction and central nervous system disorders\u2013a controversial association.","volume":"40","author":"Julio-Pieper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.037","article-title":"Microbiota controls the homeostasis of glial cells in the gut lamina propria.","volume":"85","author":"Kabouridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5236","article-title":"A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction.","volume":"361","author":"Kaelberer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7","article-title":"Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study.","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.01.047","article-title":"Complex interactions among diet, gastrointestinal transit, and gut microbiota in humanized mice.","volume":"144","author":"Kashyap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019","article-title":"Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat.","volume":"82","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00392","article-title":"Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26307","article-title":"Colonic bacterial composition in parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"30","author":"Keshavarzian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2018.05.008","article-title":"T lymphocytes and autoimmunity.","volume":"341","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1159\/000490615","article-title":"The gut microbiota and healthy aging: a mini-review.","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.027","article-title":"The gut and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"134","author":"Klingelhoefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.220","article-title":"Mature neurons: equipped for survival.","volume":"4","author":"Kole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-802395-2.00021-3","article-title":"Concepts and classification of neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"145","author":"Kovacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12754","article-title":"Enteroendocrine cells: a review of their role in brain-gut communication.","volume":"28","author":"Latorre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00361","article-title":"Mother\u2019s milk: a purposeful contribution to the development of the infant microbiota and immunity.","volume":"9","author":"Le Doare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5040066","article-title":"The gut microbiome feelings of the brain: a perspective for non-microbiologists.","volume":"5","author":"Lerner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718780340","article-title":"Outcome of psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioural long-term therapy with chronically depressed patients: a controlled trial with preferential and randomized allocation.","volume":"64","author":"Leuzinger-Bohleber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-9001-4","article-title":"Structural changes of gut microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its correlation with clinical features.","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.01.010","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease from the gut.","author":"Liddle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nt.0000365754.34451.1c","article-title":"Does Parkinson\u2019s disease start in the gut?","volume":"135","author":"Lionnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"392","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_1","article-title":"Microbial endocrinology and the microbiota-gut-brain axis.","volume":"817","author":"Lyte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8120553","article-title":"Environmental and nutritional \u201cstressors\u201d and oligodendrocyte dysfunction: role of mitochondrial and endoplasmatic reticulum impairment.","volume":"8","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123022","article-title":"The role of endothelial dysfunction in peripheral blood nerve barrier: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications.","volume":"20","author":"Maiuolo","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184554","article-title":"Myelin disturbances produced by sub-toxic concentration of heavy metals: the role of oligodendrocyte dysfunction.","volume":"20","author":"Maiuolo","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.022","article-title":"Meta-analyses of the neural mechanisms and predictors of response to psychotherapy in depression and anxiety.","volume":"95","author":"Marwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169207","article-title":"Colonic absorption of low-molecular-weight metabolites influenced by the intestinal microbiome: a pilot study.","volume":"12","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13583","article-title":"Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.","volume":"1417","author":"Matveeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12049","article-title":"The microbiome is essential for normal gut intrinsic primary afferent neuron excitability in the mouse.","volume":"25","author":"McVey Neufeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.11.006","article-title":"Evidence supporting an altered immune response in ASD.","volume":"163","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy009","article-title":"Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function.","volume":"76","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism.","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0337-0","article-title":"The gut microbiome: a new frontier in autism research.","volume":"15","author":"Mulle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B122","article-title":"Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system.","volume":"4","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000490841","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition in healthy japanese infants and young adults born by C-section.","volume":"73","author":"Nagpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2019.00472","article-title":"Gut microbiota and ischemic stroke: the role of trimethylamine N-oxide.","volume":"21","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stroke"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040107","article-title":"Leaky gut, leaky brain?","volume":"6","author":"Obrenovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072618","article-title":"The potential for natural antioxidant supplementation in the early stages of neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"21","author":"Oppedisano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ177","article-title":"New approaches for bacteriotherapy: prebiotics, new-generation probiotics, and synbiotics.","volume":"60","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_19_18","article-title":"Study of prodromal and residual symptoms of depression.","volume":"26","author":"Pede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.12.003","article-title":"Review: maternal health and the placental microbiome.","volume":"54","author":"Pelzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101692","article-title":"\u03b2-Amyloid and the pathomechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comprehensive view.","volume":"22","author":"Penke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0129-2","article-title":"Microbes tickling your tummy: the importance of the gut-brain axis in parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"4","author":"Perez-Pardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.002","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation.","volume":"37","author":"Petra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3700-7","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"162","author":"Petrov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0802-6","article-title":"Microbiota-brain-gut axis and neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"17","author":"Quigley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.107","article-title":"The bowel and beyond: the enteric nervous system in neurological disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity.","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170216113756","article-title":"Gut-brain axis: role of lipids in the regulation of inflammation, pain and CNS diseases.","volume":"25","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145706007425","article-title":"Durability of antidepressant response to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).","volume":"10","author":"Sackeim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12985","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a high-risk sibling cohort.","volume":"60","author":"Sacrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.01.005","article-title":"Gut-brain communication in demyelinating disorders.","volume":"62","author":"Sauma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.066","article-title":"Diet during pregnancy and infancy and the infant intestinal microbiome.","volume":"203","author":"Savage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10645-8","article-title":"The pore structure of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.","volume":"10","author":"Savva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/mop.0000000000000647","article-title":"Breastfeeding: uncovering barriers and offering solutions.","volume":"30","author":"Sayres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8615-6","article-title":"Autoimmunity in 2016.","volume":"53","author":"Selmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1","article-title":"Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth.","volume":"574","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2864","article-title":"Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"129","author":"Shattuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0658","article-title":"Late-life depression and the prodromes of dementia.","volume":"74","author":"Steffens","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.11.005","article-title":"Editorial overview: autoimmunity: a new frontier awaits.","volume":"55","author":"Stetson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12109","article-title":"Microbial genes, brain & behaviour - epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis.","volume":"13","author":"Stilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.03.015","article-title":"Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota.","volume":"1693","author":"Strandwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.04.004","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24448","article-title":"Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"78","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25244","article-title":"A probiotic modulates the microbiome and immunity in multiple sclerosis.","volume":"83","author":"Tankou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy067","article-title":"Making sense of the microbiome in psychiatry.","volume":"22","author":"Thomaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.053","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum miyairi 588 has preventive effects on chronic social defeat stress-induced depressive-like behaviour and modulates microglial activation in mice.","volume":"516","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00025","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a potential regulator of neurodevelopment.","volume":"11","author":"Tognini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2017.08.007","article-title":"Can cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression be improved with pharmacotherapy? A Meta-analysis.","volume":"40","author":"Tolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.033","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia.","volume":"138","author":"Tomova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.01.63","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis microbiome?","volume":"5","author":"Tremlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0703-3","article-title":"Associations between the gut microbiota and host immune markers in pediatric multiple sclerosis and controls.","volume":"16","author":"Tremlett","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.02.042","article-title":"Gut microbiota Composition and relapse risk in pediatric MS: a pilot study.","volume":"363","author":"Tremlett","year":"","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13026","article-title":"Gut microbiota in early pediatric multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.","volume":"23","author":"Tremlett","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12405","article-title":"Lymphatic system and gut microbiota affect immunopathology of neuroinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"8","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000410","article-title":"Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017.","volume":"128","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.12.001","article-title":"STING, DCs and the link between innate and adaptive immunity.","volume":"110","author":"Vatner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12778","article-title":"Breastfeeding and autoimmunity: programing health from the beginning.","volume":"79","author":"Vieira Borba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518767327","article-title":"Evidence of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin associated with multiple sclerosis.","volume":"25","author":"Wagley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12217","article-title":"The prenatal gut microbiome: Are we colonized with bacteria in utero?","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291717002781","article-title":"Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups.","volume":"48","author":"Weinberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2509-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis.","volume":"74","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2550-9","article-title":"Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: deciphering the gut brain axis.","volume":"74","author":"Westfall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00473","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.12.023","article-title":"Bacterial signaling to the nervous system through toxins and metabolites.","volume":"429","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107685","article-title":"Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence alters adult immunological and neurobehavioral responses in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.","volume":"157","author":"Zeraati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000017224","article-title":"Meta-analysis of FOXP3 gene rs3761548 and rs2232365 polymorphism and multiple sclerosis susceptibility.","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28068","article-title":"Gut-brain axis metabolic pathway regulates antidepressant efficacy of albiflorin.","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:39:54Z","timestamp":1616459994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":176,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"article-number":"616883"}}