{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:11:40Z","timestamp":1772136700577,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Oligomeric proantho cyanidins (OPC) is the main polyphenol presents in grape seed and is known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we hypothesize that OPC can attenuate oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), ameliorate neurotransmitter imbalance, decrease the blood pressure and sympathetic activity in renovascular hypertensive rats. After induction of renovascular hypertension by the two-kidney one-clip (2K-1C) method, male Sprague-Dawley rats received chronic bilateral PVN infusion of OPC (20 \u03bcg\/h) or vehicle via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks. We found that hypertension induced by 2K-1C was associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the PVN. Infusion of OPC in the PVN significantly reduced the systolic blood pressure and norepinephrine in plasma of 2K-1C rats. In addition, PVN infusion of OPC decreased the level of ROS and the expression of stress-related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases subunit NOX4, increased the levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant enzyme, balanced the content of cytokines, increased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the PVN of 2K-1C rats. Our findings provided strong evidence that PVN infusion of OPC inhibited the progression of renovascular hypertension through its potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory function in the PVN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.642015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1614838751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Paraventricular Nucleus Infusion of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidins Improves Renovascular Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Jing","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Rui","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Yan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai B.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Ting","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiu-Yue","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ming","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0231-7","article-title":"Chronic exercise modulates RAS components and improves balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain of SHR.","volume":"106","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res. 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