{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:32:25Z","timestamp":1792449145047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnolo\u0161kog Razvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease with an unknown origin. Previous studies showed the involvement of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis to susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including MS, and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). During MS\/EAE, innate immune cells are activated and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation. In response to inflammation, the activated HPA axis modulates immune responses <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> glucocorticoid activity. Because the mechanisms involving oxidative stress to the HPA axis are relatively unrevealed, in this study, we investigate the inflammatory and oxidative stress status of HPA axis during EAE. Our results reveal an upregulation of <jats:italic>Pomc<\/jats:italic> gene expression, followed by POMC and ACTH protein increase at the peak of the EAE in the pituitary. Also, prostaglandins are well-known contributors of HPA axis activation, which increases during EAE at the periphery. The upregulated Tnf expression in the pituitary during the peak of EAE occurred. This leads to the activation of oxidative pathways, followed by upregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. The reactive oxidant\/nitrosative species (ROS\/RNS), such as superoxide anion and NO, increase their levels at the onset and peak of the disease in the pituitary and adrenal glands, returning to control levels at the end of EAE. The corticotrophs in the pituitary increased in number and volume at the peak of EAE that coincides with high lipid peroxidation levels. The expression of MC2R in the adrenal glands increases at the peak of EAE, where strong induction of superoxide anion and malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced total glutathione (GSH) content, and catalase activity occurred at the peak and end of EAE compared with controls. The results obtained from this study may help in understanding the mechanisms and possible pharmacological modulation in MS and demonstrate an effect of oxidative stress exposure in the HPA activation during the course of EAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.649485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T10:16:48Z","timestamp":1623925008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Function of the Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Axis During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Involvement of Oxidative Stress Mediators"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Trifunovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Stevanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Ristic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Janjic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Bjelobaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Bozic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Tesovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Laketa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Lavrnja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(85)13073-9","article-title":"Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples.","volume":"113","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Meth. 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