{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:36:27Z","timestamp":1791041787191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the common microvascular complications in diabetes. The total magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) burden of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) tends to be increased in diabetic patients and is a marker of microvascular disease; however, the relationship between DR and CSVD is unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and the total MRI burden of CSVD in patients with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Data were collected from patients with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized between December 2019 and November 2020 in Changzhou Second People\u2019s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University. All patients underwent retinal photography and cerebral MRI. The central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), the central retinal venous equivalent (CRVE), and arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR) were calculated using Image J software to determine the retinal vascular calibers for each patient. The total MRI burden score for CSVD was determined, and the relationship between retinal microvascular abnormalities and the total MRI burden of CSVD was analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Of the 151 diabetic patients included in the study, 84 (55.6%) had no diabetic retinopathy (NDR), 27 (17.9%) had mild DR, and 40 (26.5%) had moderate, or severe non-proliferative DR (grouped together for this study as \u201cmore than mild DR\u201d). In patients with more than mild DR, the proportion of moderate to severe burden of CSVD was 75%, which was higher than in patients with mild DR (48.1%) or NDR (26.2%). Patients with moderate to severe burden of CSVD were more likely than those with mild burden of CSVD to have narrowed retinal arterioles (105.24 \u00b1 8.42 \u03bcm vs. 109.45 \u00b1 7.93 \u03bcm), widened retinal venules (201.67 \u00b1 16.25 \u03bcm vs. 193.95 \u00b1 13.54 \u03bcm), and lower arteriole-to-venule ratio (0.52 \u00b1 0.05 vs. 0.57 \u00b1 0.04) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 for all). The degree of DR (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.465, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and CRVE (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.366, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were positively correlated with the total MRI burden of CSVD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that, after adjustments were made for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and other factors, more than mild DR (OR, 4.383; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.028), CRAE (OR, 0.490; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.031), and CRVE (OR, 1.475; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.041) were independently associated with moderate to severe burden of CSVD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes are associated with the presence of cerebral small vessel lesions. The degree of DR and retinal vessel changes can be used as predictors of intracranial microcirculation lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.727998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T10:00:03Z","timestamp":1639476003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Correlation Between Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities and Total Magnetic Resonance Imaging Burden of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9752-7","article-title":"Blood brain barrier injury in diabetes: unrecognized effects on brain and cognition.","volume":"12","author":"Bogush","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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