{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:37:10Z","timestamp":1791308230614,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major disability that results in motor and sensory impairment and extensive complications for the affected individuals which not only affect the quality of life of the patients but also result in a heavy burden for their families and the health care system. Although there are few clinically effective treatments for SCI, research over the past few decades has resulted in several novel treatment strategies which are related to neuromodulation. Neuromodulation\u2014the use of neuromodulators, electrical stimulation or optogenetics to modulate neuronal activity\u2014can substantially promote the recovery of sensorimotor function after SCI. Recent studies have shown that neuromodulation, in combination with other technologies, can allow paralyzed patients to carry out intentional, controlled movement, and promote sensory recovery. Although such treatments hold promise for completely overcoming SCI, the mechanisms by which neuromodulation has this effect have been difficult to determine. Here we review recent progress relative to electrical neuromodulation and optogenetics neuromodulation. We also examine potential mechanisms by which these methods may restore sensorimotor function. We then highlight the strengths of these approaches and remaining challenges with respect to its application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T07:29:18Z","timestamp":1634196558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Restoring Sensorimotor Function Through Neuromodulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Remaining Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaobo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06310","article-title":"Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons","volume":"450","author":"Adamantidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419045111","article-title":"Degradation of mouse locomotor pattern in the absence of proprioceptive sensory feedback","volume":"111","author":"Akay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.02.006","article-title":"Electrical neuromodulation of the cervical spinal cord facilitates forelimb skilled function recovery in spinal cord injured rats","volume":"291","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.05.039","article-title":"Brain-machine interface facilitated neurorehabilitation via spinal stimulation after spinal cord injury: recent progress and future perspectives","volume":"1646","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000279","article-title":"Efficacy of QuadroPulse rTMS for improving motor function after spinal cord injury: three case studies","volume":"39","author":"Alexeeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11862","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3378-08.2008","article-title":"Light-induced rescue of breathing after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Alilain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1093-9","article-title":"Neuregulin-1 elicits a regulatory immune response following traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1803474","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803474","article-title":"Expanding the toolbox of upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo optogenetics and neuromodulation","volume":"31","author":"All","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803588","article-title":"Recovery of over-ground walking after chronic motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"379","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu038","article-title":"Altering spinal cord excitability enables voluntary movements after chronic complete paralysis in humans","volume":"137","author":"Angeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b09270","article-title":"An Upconversion Nanoparticle enables near infrared-optogenetic manipulation of the caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit","volume":"13","author":"Ao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/3\/S02","article-title":"An optical neural interface: in vivo control of rodent motor cortex with integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology","volume":"4","author":"Aravanis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.06.031","article-title":"Theoretical principles underlying optical stimulation of myelinated axons expressing channelrhodopsin-2","volume":"248","author":"Arlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43587","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43587","article-title":"Computational modeling of brainstem circuits controlling locomotor frequency and gait","volume":"8","author":"Ausborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208r","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005972","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the midbrain locomotor region improves paretic hindlimb function after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"5","author":"Bachmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23011","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23011","article-title":"Spatiotemporal correlation of spinal network dynamics underlying spasms in chronic spinalized mice","volume":"6","author":"Bellardita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14855","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b22798","article-title":"NanoPt-A nanostructured electrode coating for neural recording and microstimulation","volume":"12","author":"Boehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10866","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10866","article-title":"CSF-contacting neurons regulate locomotion by relaying mechanical stimuli to spinal circuits","volume":"7","author":"Bohm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22137-9","article-title":"Multi-pronged neuromodulation intervention engages the residual motor circuitry to facilitate walking in a rat model of spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Bonizzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05282-6","article-title":"Brain-controlled modulation of spinal circuits improves recovery from spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Bonizzato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a034306","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a034306","article-title":"Restoring movement in paralysis with a bioelectronic neural bypass approach: current state and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Bouton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435","article-title":"Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia","volume":"533","author":"Bouton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1525","article-title":"Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity","volume":"8","author":"Boyden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21715","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21715","article-title":"Spinal microcircuits comprising dI3 interneurons are necessary for motor functional recovery following spinal cord transection","volume":"5","author":"Bui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3093","article-title":"Multifunctional fibers for simultaneous optical, electrical and chemical interrogation of neural circuits in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Canales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","article-title":"A brain-spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates","volume":"539","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.07.007","article-title":"Neural stem cell grafts form extensive synaptic networks that integrate with host circuits after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Ceto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54349","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54349","article-title":"Sensory restoration by epidural stimulation of the lateral spinal cord in upper-limb amputees","volume":"9","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7020018","article-title":"Surgical neurostimulation for spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Chari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.005","article-title":"Reactivation of dormant relay pathways in injured spinal cord by KCC2 manipulations","volume":"174","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00946-y","article-title":"Lentiviral interleukin-10 gene therapy preserves fine motor circuitry and function after a cervical spinal cord injury in male and female mice","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.03.012","article-title":"Sequential therapy of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment and treadmill training leads to cumulative improvements after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1144","article-title":"Near-infrared deep brain stimulation via upconversion nanoparticle\u2013mediated optogenetics","volume":"359","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0639-y","article-title":"Targeted-plasticity in the corticospinal tract after human spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.100","article-title":"Chx10 Consolidates V2a Interneuron Identity through Two Distinct Gene Repression Modes","volume":"16","author":"Clovis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3596","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury","volume":"371","author":"Cowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.158","article-title":"FES assisted standing in people with incomplete spinal cord injury: a single case design series","volume":"52","author":"Crosbie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.324","article-title":"Optogenetics","volume":"8","author":"Deisseroth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09432-6","article-title":"Combinatory repair strategy to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"DePaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.004","article-title":"Reducing Pericyte-Derived scarring promotes recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"173","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.115","article-title":"Feasibility of home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling: case report","volume":"50","author":"Dolbow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30383","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30383","article-title":"Long-term training with a brain-machine interface-based gait protocol induces partial neurological recovery in paraplegic patients","volume":"6","author":"Donati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900582","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201900582","article-title":"Flexible micropillar electrode arrays for in vivo neural activity recordings","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.05.005","article-title":"Neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurologic disorders","volume":"92","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00163","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation: a review of plasticity mechanisms that are hypothesized to underlie enhanced recovery from spinal cord injury with stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Eisdorfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2015.0471","article-title":"Local delivery of neurotrophin-3 and anti-NogoA promotes repair after spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Elliott Donaghue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0262-6","article-title":"Electrical spinal cord stimulation must preserve proprioception to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Formento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33123-5","article-title":"Engaging cervical spinal circuitry with non-invasive spinal stimulation and buspirone to restore hand function in chronic motor complete patients","volume":"8","author":"Freyvert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2377","article-title":"Chondroitinase ABC treatment opens a window of opportunity for task-specific rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00edas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.11.002","article-title":"Therapeutic time window for the application of chondroitinase ABC after spinal cord injury","volume":"210","author":"Garcia-Alias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.003","article-title":"A functional topographic map for spinal sensorimotor reflexes","volume":"109","author":"Gatto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.569337","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord improves trunk stability during seated reaching in two humans with severe thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0175-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia","volume":"24","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514556087","article-title":"Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: a randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Gomes-Osman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinic. Rehabil"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50983","article-title":"The feasibility of using exoskeletal-assisted walking with epidural stimulation: a case report study","volume":"7","author":"Gorgey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11505","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201911505","article-title":"Therapeutic repair for spinal cord injury: combinatory approaches to address a multifaceted problem","volume":"12","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304365110","article-title":"Optogenetic dissection reveals multiple rhythmogenic modules underlying locomotion","volume":"110","author":"Hagglund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311425178","article-title":"Promotion of recovery from thoracic spinal cord contusion in rats by stimulation of medullary raphe or its midbrain input","volume":"26","author":"Hentall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11076","article-title":"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm","volume":"485","author":"Hochberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0140-6","article-title":"Novel electrode technologies for neural recordings","volume":"20","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.08.026","article-title":"Intraspinal sensory neurons provide powerful inhibition to motor circuits ensuring postural control during locomotion","volume":"26","author":"Hubbard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0280-3","article-title":"The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2834339","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Inanici","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.081","article-title":"Silk fibroin films facilitate single-step targeted expression of optogenetic proteins","volume":"22","author":"Jackman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30287-4","article-title":"Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5877","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4203-15.2016","article-title":"Optogenetic interrogation of functional synapse formation by corticospinal tract axons in the injured spinal cord","volume":"36","author":"Jayaprakash","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc3513","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc3513","article-title":"Near-infrared light-triggered NO release for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa052","article-title":"Corticospinal-motor neuronal plasticity promotes exercise-mediated recovery in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"143","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00387","article-title":"Multimodal evaluation of TMS\u2014induced somatosensory plasticity and behavioral recovery in rats with contusion spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Krishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73858420966276","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420966276","article-title":"The translesional spinal network and its reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Krupa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318776371","article-title":"First-in-man intrathecal application of neurite growth-promoting anti-nogo-a antibodies in acute spinal cord injury","volume":"32","author":"Kucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4739-9","article-title":"Placebo-controlled study of rTMS combined with Lokomat(A (R)) gait training for treatment in subjects with motor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"234","author":"Kumru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00512","article-title":"Propriospinal neurons: essential elements of locomotor control in the intact and possibly the injured spinal cord","volume":"13","author":"Laliberte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8070511","article-title":"Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00842E","article-title":"Soft implantable microelectrodes for future medicine: prosthetics, neural signal recording and neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00776.2018","article-title":"Locomotor-related V3 interneurons initiate and coordinate muscles spasms after spinal cord injury","volume":"121","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112645","article-title":"Micro- and nanotechnology for neural electrode-tissue interfaces","volume":"170","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelect."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.037","article-title":"A sensitized IGF1 treatment restores corticospinal axon-dependent functions","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2228","article-title":"Orderly recruitment of motor units under optical control in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.02.003","article-title":"Brain machine interface and limb reanimation technologies: restoring function after spinal cord injury through development of a bypass system","volume":"89","author":"Lobel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600955","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600955","article-title":"Flexible and stretchable nanowire-coated fibers for optoelectronic probing of spinal cord circuits","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316644344","article-title":"Engaging cervical spinal cord networks to reenable volitional control of hand function in tetraplegic patients","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.014","article-title":"Long-distance axonal growth from human induced pluripotent stem cells after spinal cord injury","volume":"83","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.038","article-title":"Mammalian near-infrared image vision through injectable and self-powered retinal nanoantennae","volume":"177","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18334","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202003654","article-title":"Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt-based Electrocatalysts: From Theoretical Mechanisms to Practical Methods","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.227","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7790-8","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: update on recent discoveries and outlook on future developments","volume":"262","author":"Mahlknecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.004","article-title":"Optical stimulation for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury","volume":"90","author":"Mallory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.010","article-title":"Neuromodulation of neuronal circuits: back to the future","volume":"76","author":"Marder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-013958","article-title":"Neuromodulation of circuits with variable parameters: single neurons and small circuits reveal principles of state-dependent and robust neuromodulation","volume":"37","author":"Marder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.191199","article-title":"Harnessing neural activity to promote repair of the damaged corticospinal system after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regenerat. Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32875","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1932875","article-title":"Following spinal cord injury transected reticulospinal tract axons develop new collateral inputs to spinal interneurons in parallel with locomotor recovery","volume":"2017","author":"May","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plastic."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319893298","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and motor rehabilitation in spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Meg\u00eda Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0421-y","article-title":"Targeting lumbar spinal neural circuitry by epidural stimulation to restore motor function after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Minassian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260318","article-title":"Biomaterials. electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces","volume":"347","author":"Minev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113480","article-title":"A micro-LED implant and technique for optogenetic stimulation of the rat spinal cord","volume":"335","author":"Mondello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00461.2017","article-title":"Optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat cervical spinal cord","volume":"120","author":"Mondello","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3536","article-title":"Wirelessly powered, fully internal optogenetics for brain, spinal and peripheral circuits in mice","volume":"12","author":"Montgomery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Method"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.009","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the neuromodulation of spinal circuits for correcting gait and balance deficits after spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Moraud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.11.004","article-title":"Intensity dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on corticospinal excitability in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archiv. Physic. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.05.003","article-title":"Neuromodulation of neurons and synapses","volume":"29","author":"Nadim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07396","article-title":"Supramolecular peptide hydrogel-based soft neural interface augments brain signals through a three-dimensional electrical network","volume":"14","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00085","article-title":"Acute cellular and functional changes with a combinatorial treatment of ion channel inhibitors following spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"O'Hare Doig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49772-z","article-title":"Hydrogel-based organic subdural electrode with high conformability to brain surface","volume":"9","author":"Oribe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3415","article-title":"Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00947-9","article-title":"'Thought'\u2014control of functional electrical stimulation to restore hand grasp in a patient with tetraplegia","volume":"351","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113612","article-title":"Non-invasive approaches to functional recovery after spinal cord injury: therapeutic targets and multimodal device interventions","volume":"339","author":"Pizzolato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2200-5","article-title":"Injured adult neurons regress to an embryonic transcriptional growth state","volume":"581","author":"Poplawski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5713","article-title":"Longitudinal optogenetic motor mapping revealed structural and functional impairments and enhanced corticorubral projection after contusive spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"36","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151291","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation and robot-assisted gait training after incomplete spinal cord injury: a randomized pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Raithatha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01143","article-title":"Burst-like subcutaneous electrical stimulation induces BDNF-mediated, cyclotraxin b-sensitive central sensitization in rat spinal cord","volume":"9","author":"Retamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.01011","article-title":"Neurobionics and the brain-computer interface: current applications and future horizons","volume":"206","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113746","article-title":"Recovery of locomotion after spinal cord injury: some facts and mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Rossignol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30206-0","article-title":"Raising awareness for spinal cord injury research","volume":"17","author":"Schwab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.00041","article-title":"Challenges for therapeutic applications of opsin-based optogenetic tools in humans","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circ."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1804895","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804895","article-title":"Flexible and implantable microelectrodes for chronically stable neural interfaces","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.05.009","article-title":"Neuromodulation in developing motor microcircuits","volume":"29","author":"Sillar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020602","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020602","article-title":"Central nervous system regenerative failure: role of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia","volume":"7","author":"Silver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Biol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102577","article-title":"Optical brain imaging and its application to neurofeedback","volume":"30","author":"Soekadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.12.011","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotherapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"148","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.07.021","article-title":"Timing-dependent priming effects of tDCS on ankle motor skill learning","volume":"1581","author":"Sriraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.6.JNS081161","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator placement using high-field interventional magnetic resonance imaging and a skull-mounted aiming device: technique and application accuracy","volume":"112","author":"Starr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00862","article-title":"Quantification of signal-to-noise ratio in cerebral cortex recordings using flexible MEAs With Co-localized platinum black, carbon nanotubes, and gold electrodes","volume":"12","author":"Suarez-Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130391","article-title":"Gabapentinoid treatment promotes corticospinal plasticity and regeneration following murine spinal cord injury","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4853","article-title":"A synthetic synaptic organizer protein restores glutamatergic neuronal circuits","volume":"369","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0505-8","article-title":"Complications of epidural spinal stimulation: lessons from the past and alternatives for the future","volume":"58","author":"Taccola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2019.07.005","article-title":"Proprioception: Bottom-up directive for motor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"154","author":"Takeoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.010","article-title":"Functional local proprioceptive feedback circuits initiate and maintain locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Takeoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.019","article-title":"Muscle spindle feedback directs locomotor recovery and circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"159","author":"Takeoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1039\/b417497f","article-title":"Parylene flexible neural probes integrated with microfluidic channels","volume":"5","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab. Chip."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan1053","article-title":"Locally translated mTOR controls axonal local translation in nerve injury","volume":"359","author":"Terenzio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-121813-120655","article-title":"Electrical stimuli in the central nervous system microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072691","article-title":"Optogenetic control of targeted peripheral axons in freely moving animals","volume":"8","author":"Towne","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23884-5","article-title":"Dendritic calcium signals in rhesus macaque motor cortex drive an optical brain-computer interface","volume":"12","author":"Trautmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1706520","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706520","article-title":"High-density stretchable electrode grids for chronic neural recording","volume":"30","author":"Tybrandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.137","article-title":"Corticospinal circuits from the sensory and motor cortices differentially regulate skilled movements through distinct spinal interneurons","volume":"23","author":"Ueno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217416","article-title":"Restoring voluntary control of locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury","volume":"336","author":"van den Brand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes","volume":"18","author":"van der Scheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639900","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.639900","article-title":"Freely behaving mice can brake and turn during optogenetic stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region","volume":"15","author":"van der Zouwen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circ."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.25735","article-title":"Quantification of human neuromuscular function through optogenetics","volume":"9","author":"Vila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0649-2","article-title":"Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"563","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1805867","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805867","article-title":"High-performance graphene-fiber-based neural recording microelectrodes","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.26717","article-title":"Novel multi-drug delivery hydrogel using scar-homing liposomes improves spinal cord injury repair","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa116","article-title":"Nogo receptor decoy promotes recovery and corticospinal growth in non-human primate spinal cord injury","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255r","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008325","article-title":"Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits controls refined locomotion after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Wenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-02306-z","article-title":"First steps to a revolution","volume":"572","author":"Willyard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.05.042","article-title":"Spinal sensory neurons project onto the hindbrain to stabilize posture and enhance locomotor speed","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.09.038","article-title":"Optogenetic stimulation of neuronal repair","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.08.004","article-title":"Motor cortex and spinal cord neuromodulation promote corticospinal tract axonal outgrowth and motor recovery after cervical contusion spinal cord injury","volume":"297","author":"Zareen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05744","article-title":"Multimodal fast optical interrogation of neural circuitry","volume":"446","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b00087","article-title":"Stretchable Transparent electrode arrays for simultaneous electrical and optical interrogation of neural circuits in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12276","article-title":"Combination treatment with anti-Nogo-A and chondroitinase ABC is more effective than single treatments at enhancing functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00087","article-title":"Closed-loop control of spinal cord stimulation to restore hand function after paralysis","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T07:29:20Z","timestamp":1634196560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"article-number":"749465"}}