{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:55:46Z","timestamp":1776491746701,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional dyspepsia (FD), a common disorder of gastrointestinal function, originated from the gastroduodenum. Although the therapeutic effect of acupuncture has been investigated by various high-quality randomized controlled trials, the potential mechanisms showed obvious heterogeneity. This review summarized the potential mechanisms of acupuncture on FD in order to guide for future laboratory and clinical studies. Here, we argued that the primary cause of FD was gastroduodenal low-grade inflammation and acid exposure, which impaired mucosal integrity, caused brain-gut axis dysfunction, and impaired brain network connectivity, all of which generated various symptom patterns. Overall the clinical studies indicated that acupuncture was a promising treatment to alleviate symptoms in FD patients, whose efficacy was influenced by acupoints and individual variance. Mechanistically, studies with animal models of FD and patients have shown that acupuncture, a non-invasive strategy for nerve stimulation, may have the potential to control intestinal inflammation and suppress acid-secretion via different somatic autonomic reflex pathways, regulate the brain-gut axis through intestinal microbiota, and has the potential to ameliorate FD-symptoms. The cumulative evidence demonstrated that acupuncture is a promising treatment to alleviate symptoms of FD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.781215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T08:13:03Z","timestamp":1643098383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Potential Mechanisms of Acupuncture for Functional Dyspepsia Based on Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Na-Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Xia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu-Lu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-Tong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue-Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling-Yu","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cun-Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2018.1524756","article-title":"Immunopathological and molecular basis of functional dyspepsia and current therapeutic approaches.","volume":"14","author":"Addula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.10.073","article-title":"Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review.","volume":"1000","author":"Almeida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.01.039","article-title":"Anxiety is linked to new-onset dyspepsia in the swedish population: a 10-year follow-up study.","volume":"148","author":"Aro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.058","article-title":"Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells.","volume":"163","author":"Atarashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00863.x","article-title":"Dysaccommodation of the stomach: therapeutic nirvana?","volume":"19","author":"Bisschops","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31818e37ab","article-title":"Prolonged recording of duodenal acid exposure in patients with functional dyspepsia and controls using a radiotelemetry pH monitoring system.","volume":"43","author":"Bratten","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.03.003","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia impacts absenteeism and direct and indirect costs.","volume":"8","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901507106","article-title":"Distinct subsets of unmyelinated primary sensory fibers mediate behavioral responses to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli.","volume":"106","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00110","article-title":"Peripheral sensory nerve tissue but not connective tissue is involved in the action of acupuncture.","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13393","article-title":"Electroacupuncture treatments for gut motility disorders.","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Management of chronic pain using complementary and integrative medicine.","volume":"357","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1759842","article-title":"Electroacupuncture regulates disorders of gut-brain interaction by decreasing corticotropin-releasing factor in a rat model of IBS.","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14737","article-title":"Electroacupuncture plus on-demand gastrocaine for refractory functional dyspepsia: pragmatic randomized trial.","volume":"34","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015-0558-5","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroenteritis.","volume":"15","author":"Cianferoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.158","article-title":"Evidence for neuronal and structural changes in submucous ganglia of patients with functional dyspepsia.","volume":"110","author":"Cirillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/s0965-2299(03)00124-9","article-title":"Sham interventions in randomized clinical trials of acupuncture\u2013a review.","volume":"11","author":"Dincer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1100-05.2005","article-title":"A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"25","author":"Dunckley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.03.012","article-title":"Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson\u2019s disease: implications for non-motor symptoms.","volume":"27","author":"Felice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30469-4","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia.","volume":"396","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells.","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adrenomedullary, adrenocortical, and sympathoneural responses to stressors: a meta-analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.008","article-title":"Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-activated eosinophils promote interleukin-23 driven chronic colitis.","volume":"43","author":"Griseri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i19.2440","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture and electroacupuncture for functional dyspepsia: a systematic review.","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"369","article-title":"Enkephalin and beta-endorphin as mediators of electro-acupuncture analgesia in rabbits: an antiserum microinjection study.","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09856-0","article-title":"Acupuncture and related therapies used as add-on or alternative to prokinetics for functional dyspepsia: overview of systematic reviews and network meta-analysis.","volume":"7","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01613","article-title":"Visceral inflammation and immune activation stress the brain.","volume":"8","author":"Holzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"136","article-title":"Rules of clinical acupoint selection for acupuncture in the treatment of functional dyspepsia based on data mining.","volume":"18","author":"Hongzhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. China Med. Herald"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"411","article-title":"Acupuncture and the retrospect of its modern research.","volume":"60","author":"Ifrim Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06143.x","article-title":"Evaluation of duodenal hypersensitivity induced by duodenal acidification using transnasal endoscopy.","volume":"25","author":"Ishii","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.015","article-title":"Acupuncture inhibits neuroinflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"89","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00730.x","article-title":"Brain-gut connections in functional GI disorders: anatomic and physiologic relationships.","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.03.004","article-title":"Afferent nerve fibers and acupuncture.","volume":"157","author":"Kagitani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06249.x","article-title":"Prevalence of overlaps between GERD, FD and IBS and impact on health-related quality of life.","volume":"25","author":"Kaji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-5-200203050-00010","article-title":"Acupuncture: theory, efficacy, and practice.","volume":"136","author":"Kaptchuk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415569801","article-title":"Pathways in gut-brain communication: evidence for distinct gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut syndromes.","volume":"49","author":"Keightley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.07.007","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture treatment for functional dyspepsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.03.010","article-title":"Acupuncture and immune modulation.","volume":"157","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0208","article-title":"Individualized acupuncture for symptom relief in functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"22","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X04001825","article-title":"The soreness and numbness effect of acupuncture on skin blood flow.","volume":"32","author":"Kuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06627.x","article-title":"Rapid gastric emptying, rather than delayed gastric emptying, might provoke functional dyspepsia.","author":"Kusano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B41","article-title":"Acupuncture for functional dyspepsia.","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0819-3","article-title":"Acupuncture for symptom management of rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study.","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30822.x","article-title":"A pilot study on duodenal acid exposure and its relationship to symptoms in functional dyspepsia with prominent nausea.","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.03976.x","article-title":"Dyspeptic symptoms associated with hypersensitivity to gastric distension induced by duodenal acidification.","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032013000200036","article-title":"Acupuncture effectiveness as a complementary therapy in functional dyspepsia patients.","volume":"50","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.626497","article-title":"Acupuncture for psychological disorders caused by chronic pain: a review and future directions.","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.13703\/j.0255-2930.2017.09.008","article-title":"[Effect difference between acupuncture and moxibustion for functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial].","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.015","article-title":"Somatotopic organization and intensity dependence in driving distinct NPY-expressing sympathetic pathways by electroacupuncture.","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.8.1026","article-title":"Acupuncture inhibits vagal gastric acid secretion stimulated by sham feeding in healthy subjects.","volume":"35","author":"Lux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1089\/acu.2020.1488","article-title":"Somato-autonomic reflexes of acupuncture.","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Acupunct."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04979.x","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: an assessment of acupuncture on specific meridian or specific acupoint vs. Sham acupuncture for treating functional dyspepsia.","volume":"35","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000380983","article-title":"Which subtype of functional dyspepsia patients responses better to acupuncture? A retrospective analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplementmed."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2013-010324","article-title":"An exploratory review of the electroacupuncture literature: clinical applications and endorphin mechanisms.","volume":"31","author":"Mayor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1805","article-title":"Complementary and integrative medicine in the management of headache.","volume":"357","author":"Millstine","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0356","article-title":"Sham acupuncture may be as efficacious as true acupuncture: a systematic review of clinical trials.","volume":"15","author":"Moffet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12914","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia correlates with down regulation of eotaxin-3 and Th2 cytokines overexpression.","volume":"40","author":"Molina-Infante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"33","article-title":"Z-338 facilitates acetylcholine release from enteric neurons due to blockade of muscarinic autoreceptors in guinea pig stomach.","volume":"294","author":"Ogishima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14737","article-title":"Domperidone and the risks of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"87","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02196.x","article-title":"Review article: therapeutic roles of acupuncture in functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"20","author":"Ouyang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3862916","article-title":"Acupuncture for functional dyspepsia: what strength does it have? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"2016","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.02.003","article-title":"Suppression of IgE production and modulation of Th1\/Th2 cell response by electroacupuncture in DNP-KLH immunized mice.","volume":"151","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0369","article-title":"Evaluation of manual acupuncture at classical and nondefined points for treatment of functional dyspepsia: a randomized-controlled trial.","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.008","article-title":"The transcription factor T-bet regulates intestinal inflammation mediated by interleukin-7 receptor+ innate lymphoid cells.","volume":"37","author":"Powell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.191","article-title":"The mucosal immune system: master regulator of bidirectional gut-brain communications.","volume":"14","author":"Powell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0593-6","article-title":"Prokinetics in the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"19","author":"Quigley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.05.014","article-title":"Stress and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease\u2013an update on the role of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.","volume":"37","author":"Reber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005550019308","article-title":"Evaluation of individual symptoms cannot predict presence of gastric hypersensitivity in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"45","author":"Rhee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15308","article-title":"Duodenal eosinophilia is associated with functional dyspepsia and new onset gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.","volume":"50","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70171-x","article-title":"Abnormal clearance of exogenous acid and increased acid sensitivity of the proximal duodenum in dyspeptic patients.","volume":"116","author":"Samsom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000057100","article-title":"Does the choice of placebo determine the results of clinical studies on acupuncture?","author":"S\u00e1nchez Aranjo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplementarmed."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07389.x","article-title":"Symptoms associated with impaired gastric emptying of solids and liquids in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"98","author":"Sarnelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04103.x","article-title":"Chemospecific alterations in duodenal perception and motor response in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"96","author":"Schwartz","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01123.x","article-title":"Effect of inhibition of gastric acid secretion on antropyloroduodenal motor activity and duodenal acid hypersensitivity in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"15","author":"Schwartz","year":"","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.004","article-title":"Distinct commensals induce interleukin-1\u03b2 via NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory monocytes to promote intestinal inflammation in response to injury.","volume":"42","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G309","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00242.2002","article-title":"Acid infusion enhances duodenal mechanosensitivity in healthy subjects.","volume":"285","author":"Simr\u00e9n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2014.07.003","article-title":"Health-related self-perceptions over time and provider-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in people with inflammatory bowel disease or arthritis.","volume":"22","author":"Sirois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x79000337","article-title":"Acupuncture and gastric acid studies.","volume":"7","author":"Sodipo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy371","article-title":"Acupuncture in inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00074","article-title":"Expectations of the physiological responses can change the somatosensory experience for acupuncture stimulation.","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X20500044","article-title":"Electroacupuncture relieves irritable bowel syndrome by regulating IL-18 and gut microbial dysbiosis in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced post-inflammatory animal model.","volume":"48","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14162","article-title":"Role of corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in stress-related alterations of colonic motility and hyperalgesia.","volume":"21","author":"Tach\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13053","article-title":"What\u2019s new in Rome IV?","volume":"29","author":"Tack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.14","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia\u2013symptoms, definitions and validity of the Rome III criteria.","volume":"10","author":"Tack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27180","article-title":"Symptoms associated with hypersensitivity to gastric distention in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"121","author":"Tack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00295.x","article-title":"Mechanism of acupuncture on neuromodulation in the gut\u2013a review.","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000485","article-title":"What causes functional gastrointestinal disorders? A proposed disease model.","volume":"115","author":"Talley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501505","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia.","volume":"373","author":"Talley","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03899.x","article-title":"Acupuncture in dermatology: an historical perspective.","volume":"48","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/914878","article-title":"De qi, a threshold of the stimulus intensity, elicits the specific response of acupoints and intrinsic change of human brain to acupuncture.","volume":"2014","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3479","article-title":"Dopamine mediates vagal modulation of the immune system by electroacupuncture.","volume":"20","author":"Torres-Rosas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296505","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture on gastric acid secretion in healthy male volunteers.","volume":"37","author":"Tougas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-018-0637-1","article-title":"Blood pressure-independent increase in the cortical cerebral blood flow induced by manual acupuncture of the auricular region in rats.","volume":"69","author":"Uchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.10.006","article-title":"Nerve stimulation: immunomodulation and control of inflammation.","volume":"23","author":"Ulloa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2004.04.010","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"18","author":"Van Oudenhove","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.255","article-title":"Changes in gastrointestinal tract function and structure in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"10","author":"Vanheel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23620-y","article-title":"Activation of eosinophils and mast cells in functional dyspepsia: an ultrastructural evaluation.","volume":"8","author":"Vanheel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303857","article-title":"Impaired duodenal mucosal integrity and low-grade inflammation in functional dyspepsia.","volume":"63","author":"Vanheel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01631.x","article-title":"Influence of ondansetron on gastric sensorimotor responses to short duodenal acid infusion in healthy volunteers.","volume":"23","author":"Vanuytsel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12419","article-title":"Duodenal eosinophilia and early satiety in functional dyspepsia: confirmation of a positive association in an Australian cohort.","volume":"29","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0487-z","article-title":"Electro-acupuncture at acupoint ST36 ameliorates inflammation and regulates Th1\/Th2 balance in delayed-type hypersensitivity.","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2017-011506","article-title":"Electroacupuncture inhibits mast cell degranulation via cannabinoid CB2 receptors in a rat model of allergic contact dermatitis.","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1752181","article-title":"Duodenal inflammation: an emerging target for functional dyspepsia?","volume":"24","author":"Wauters","year":"","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318536","article-title":"Novel concepts in the pathophysiology and treatment of functional dyspepsia.","volume":"69","author":"Wauters","year":"","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1686059","article-title":"Symptoms of mast cell activation syndrome in functional gastrointestinal disorders.","volume":"54","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622317725479","article-title":"Management of functional dyspepsia: state of the art and emerging therapies.","volume":"9","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2880","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture for postprandial distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"172","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13583","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptor 4 and mast cell in the ameliorating effect of electroacupuncture on visceral hypersensitivity in rats.","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52574","article-title":"Electroacupuncture ameliorates intestinal inflammation by activating \u03b17nAChR-mediated JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in postoperative ileus.","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13808","article-title":"Effects of electroacupuncture on the intestinal motility and local inflammation are modulated by acupoint selection and stimulation frequency in postoperative ileus mice.","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/s0254-6272(10)60063-5","article-title":"Comments on selection of non-acupoints beyond meridians in studies of acupuncture and moxibustion.","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel054","article-title":"Electro-acupuncture at acupoint ST36 reduces inflammation and regulates immune activity in collagen-induced arthritic mice.","volume":"4","author":"Yim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104924","article-title":"Role of Nrf2\/ARE pathway in protective effect of electroacupuncture against endotoxic shock-induced acute lung injury in rabbits.","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12532","article-title":"Cerebral responses to puncturing at different acupoints for treating meal-related functional dyspepsia.","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.05.003","article-title":"Abnormal resting brain activity in patients with functional dyspepsia is related to symptom severity.","volume":"141","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.53","article-title":"Influence of acupuncture treatment on cerebral activity in functional dyspepsia patients and its relationship with efficacy.","volume":"107","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3872919","article-title":"Efficacy comparison of different acupuncture treatments for functional dyspepsia: a systematic review with network meta-analysis.","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000101","article-title":"Mechanisms of acupuncture-electroacupuncture on persistent pain.","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S225431","article-title":"Electroacupuncture inhibits hyperalgesia by alleviating inflammatory factors in a rat model of migraine.","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.05.004","article-title":"Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia.","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13316","article-title":"Electroacupuncture for patients with refractory functional dyspepsia: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(84)90210-8","article-title":"Electric acupuncture stimulates non-parietal cell secretion of the stomach in dog.","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"1984","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2014.0400","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: meta-analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.781215\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T08:13:17Z","timestamp":1643098397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.781215\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2021.781215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.781215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"article-number":"781215"}}