{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T15:35:53Z","timestamp":1794497753300,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, manifests with motor and non-motor symptoms associated with two main pathological hallmarks, including the deterioration of dopaminergic cells and aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Yet, PD is a neurodegenerative process whose origin is uncertain and progression difficult to monitor and predict. Currently, a possibility is that PD may be secondary to long lasting peripheral affectations. In this regard, it has been shown that retinal degeneration is present in PD patients. Although it is unknown if retinal degeneration precedes PD motor symptoms, the possibility exists since degeneration of peripheral organs (e.g., olfaction, gut) have already been proven to antedate PD motor symptoms. In this paper, we explore this possibility by introducing the anatomical and functional relationship of retina and brain and providing an overview of the physiopathological changes of retinal structure and visual function in PD. On the basis of the current status of visual deficits in individuals with PD, we discuss the modalities and pathological mechanism of visual function or morphological changes in the retina and focus on the correlation between visual impairment and some representative structural features with clinical significance. To consider retinal degeneration as a contributor to PD origin and progress is important because PD evolution may be monitored and predicted by retinal studies through state-of-the-art techniques of the retina. It is significant to integrally understand the role of retinal morphological and functional changes in the neurodegenerative process for the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.799526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1643954897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Retinal Degeneration: A Window to Understand the Origin and Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.16224","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients.","volume":"13","author":"Abd Hamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31828c4e1a","article-title":"Correlation of inner retinal thickness evaluated by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson disease.","volume":"33","author":"Adam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu159","article-title":"Abnormal visual gain control in a Parkinson\u2019s disease model.","volume":"23","author":"Afsari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034891","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in parkinsonian syndromes.","volume":"7","author":"Albrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9091-8","article-title":"Correlation between retinal morphological and functional findings and clinical severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"116","author":"Altintas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.273","article-title":"Eye movements in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp068","article-title":"The retina in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"132","author":"Archibald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23891","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia.","volume":"26","author":"Archibald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.007","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"134","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067389","article-title":"Chaperone suppression of alpha-synuclein toxicity in a Drosophila model for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"295","author":"Auluck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.04.027","article-title":"Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein-immunoreactive retinal neuronal elements in Parkinson\u2019s disease subjects.","volume":"571","author":"Beach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25272","article-title":"Color discrimination deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease are related to cognitive impairment and white-matter alterations.","volume":"27","author":"Bertrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.08.001","article-title":"A rat model of Parkinsonism shows depletion of dopamine in the retina.","volume":"50","author":"Biehlmaier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90113-o","article-title":"Visual deficits related to dopamine deficiency in experimental animals and Parkinson\u2019s disease patients.","volume":"13","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-009-0292-z","article-title":"Retinopathy in parkinson disease.","volume":"116","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(98)00028-5","article-title":"The push-pull action of dopamine on spatial tuning of the monkey retina: the effects of dopaminergic deficiency and selective D1 and D2 receptor ligands on the pattern electroretinogram.","volume":"38","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24182","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein in the inner retina in parkinson disease.","volume":"75","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.6.1675","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Loss in spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity.","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25741","article-title":"Venturing into the no-man\u2019s land of the retina in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"29","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110507","article-title":"Dopaminergic deficiency and delayed visual evoked potentials in humans.","volume":"11","author":"Bodis-Wollner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12527","article-title":"Color discrimination errors associate with axial motor impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"4","author":"Bohnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.07.014","article-title":"Loss of DJ-1 elicits retinal abnormalities, visual dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress in mice.","volume":"139","author":"Bonilha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.10.002","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein misfolding and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"1822","author":"Breydo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220313","article-title":"Effect of levodopa treatment on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"22","author":"Bulens","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195227","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro.","volume":"329","author":"Burre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.45.2.386","article-title":"Distorted color discrimination in \u2018de novo\u2019 parkinsonian patients.","volume":"45","author":"Buttner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.04.003","article-title":"Lateral thinking - Interocular symmetry and asymmetry in neurovascular patterning, in health and disease.","volume":"59","author":"Cameron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06631.x","article-title":"Light regulation of retinal dopamine that is independent of melanopsin phototransduction.","volume":"29","author":"Cameron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.12093","article-title":"Photoreceptors of mouse retinas possess D4 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase.","volume":"89","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23215","article-title":"Retina thickness in Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor.","volume":"25","author":"Cubo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20761","article-title":"Morphological impairments in retinal neurons of the scotopic visual pathway in a monkey model of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"493","author":"Cuenca","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"289","article-title":"Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Diederich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu094","article-title":"Are patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease blind to blindsight?","volume":"137","author":"Diederich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80889-8","article-title":"Human alpha-synuclein overexpression in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease leads to vascular pathology, blood brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation.","volume":"11","author":"Elabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.06.009","article-title":"Rotenone induces degeneration of photoreceptors and impairs the dopaminergic system in the rat retina.","volume":"44","author":"Esteve-Rudd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12087","article-title":"Eye-mediated induction of specific immune tolerance to encephalitogenic antigens.","volume":"19","author":"Farooq","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733","article-title":"Hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors.","author":"F\u00e9nelon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71762-3","article-title":"In vivo optical coherence tomography.","volume":"116","author":"Fercher","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006007","article-title":"Reduced occipital GABA in Parkinson disease with visual hallucinations.","volume":"91","author":"Firbank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902100108","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons in the human retina.","volume":"210","author":"Frederick","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.63.5.940","article-title":"Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"63","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OCT1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19963","article-title":"The development, commercialization, and impact of optical coherence tomography.","volume":"57","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.09.028","article-title":"Distribution of retinal layer atrophy in patients with Parkinson disease and association with disease severity and duration.","volume":"157","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13062","article-title":"Electrophysiology and optical coherence tomography to evaluate Parkinson disease severity.","volume":"55","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101361","article-title":"Retinal biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"69","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx351","article-title":"Motor learning and metaplasticity in striatal neurons: relevance for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"141","author":"Giordano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2012.00628.x","article-title":"Vascular degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06829","article-title":"Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image-forming vision.","volume":"453","author":"G\u00fcler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0873-7","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameter obtained by optical coherence tomography is spared in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"39","author":"Gulmez Sevim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27454","article-title":"Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Possible value as biomarkers.","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1117\/1.429899","article-title":"\u201cCoherence radar\u201d and \u201cspectral radar\u201d-new tools for dermatological diagnosis.","volume":"3","author":"Ha Usler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.106","article-title":"Inner retinal layer thinning in Parkinson disease.","volume":"127","author":"Hajee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04911.1992","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of gap junction permeability between amacrine cells in mammalian retina.","volume":"12","author":"Hampson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28184","article-title":"Visual acuity and development of parkinson\u2019s disease: a nationwide cohort study.","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.04.014","article-title":"Fast vergence eye movements are disrupted in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a video-oculography study.","volume":"21","author":"Hanuska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"2473","article-title":"Decreased dopamine in the retinas of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Harnois","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0934-y","article-title":"Functional and morphological assessment of ocular structures and follow-up of patients with early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"39","author":"Hasanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069609","article-title":"Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity.","volume":"295","author":"Hattar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0924","article-title":"Mitochondrial biology and oxidative stress in Parkinson disease pathogenesis.","volume":"4","author":"Henchcliffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm285","article-title":"An investigation of the retinal nerve fibre layer in progressive multiple sclerosis using optical coherence tomography.","volume":"131","author":"Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64031326.x","article-title":"Evidence for D4 receptor regulation of retinomotor movement in isolated teleost cone inner-outer segments.","volume":"64","author":"Hillman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt061","article-title":"Dopaminergic expression of the Parkinsonian gene LRRK2-G2019S leads to non-autonomous visual neurodegeneration, accelerated by increased neural demands for energy.","volume":"22","author":"Hindle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900110506","article-title":"Micron-resolution ranging of cornea anterior chamber by optical reflectometry.","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014998","article-title":"Association of retinopathy and retinal microvascular abnormalities with stroke and cerebrovascular disease.","volume":"47","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.06.009","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson disease.","volume":"44","author":"Inzelberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90302-X","article-title":"The precursor protein of non-A beta component of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid is a presynaptic protein of the central nervous system.","volume":"14","author":"Iwai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23628","article-title":"Pupillary unrest correlates with arousal symptoms and motor signs in Parkinson disease.","volume":"26","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25747","article-title":"Development of a prediction formula of Parkinson disease severity by optical coherence tomography.","volume":"29","author":"Jimenez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25747","article-title":"Development of a prediction formula of Parkinson disease severity by optical coherence tomography.","volume":"29","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070308","article-title":"Impairment of high-contrast visual acuity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63072-6","article-title":"Selective insolubility of alpha-synuclein in human Lewy body diseases is recapitulated in a transgenic mouse model.","volume":"159","author":"Kahle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. pathol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000240","article-title":"Correlation between structural and functional retinal changes in parkinson disease.","volume":"35","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","article-title":"Transneuronal propagation of pathologic alpha-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/wno.0b013e3182701745","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Parkinson disease.","volume":"33","author":"Kirbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuro Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26557","article-title":"Alpha synuclein and crystallin expression in human lens in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Klettner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov .Disord."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27484","article-title":"Eye movement disorders and neurological symptoms in late-onset inborn errors of metabolism.","volume":"33","author":"Koens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23230","article-title":"Retinal microvascular impairment in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"59","author":"Kwapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03701.x","article-title":"Loss of temporal retinal nerve fibers in Parkinson disease: a mitochondrial pattern?","volume":"20","author":"La Morgia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.11.005","article-title":"Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in cataract patients: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(99)00223-0","article-title":"Visual contrast response functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from electroretinograms, visually evoked potentials and psychophysics.","volume":"111","author":"Langheinrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9776-8","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and electrophysiology of retinal and visual pathways in Wilson\u2019s disease.","volume":"31","author":"Langwinska-Wosko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25543","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neurospych.17030063","article-title":"Depressive symptoms are associated with color vision but not olfactory function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1906","article-title":"Light therapy promoting dopamine release by stimulating retina in parkinson disease.","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22670","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501508200","article-title":"A precipitating role for truncated alpha-synuclein and the proteasome in alpha-synuclein aggregation: implications for pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.","volume":"280","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227","article-title":"The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders.","volume":"9","author":"London","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171184","article-title":"Progressive Changes in the Retinal Structure of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000274","article-title":"Eye movements in neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"29","author":"MacAskill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.002","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography as a tool to evaluate retinal changes in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"21","author":"Mailankody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02632.x","article-title":"Evidence of adrenergic.","volume":"58","author":"Malmfors","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.09.013","article-title":"Accelerated accumulation of retinal alpha-synuclein (pSer129) and tau, neuroinflammation, and autophagic dysregulation in a seeded mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"121","author":"Mammadova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66497-6","article-title":"alpha-synuclein overexpression in the retina leads to vision impairment and degeneration of dopaminergic amacrine cells.","volume":"10","author":"Marrocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0706-4","article-title":"Contralateral retinal dopamine decrease and melatonin increase in progression of hemiparkinsonium rat.","volume":"37","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.015","article-title":"A combination of retinal morphology and visual electrophysiology testing increases diagnostic yield in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","author":"Miri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.2010.1318","article-title":"Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss.","volume":"21","author":"Moschos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27728","article-title":"Parafoveal thinning of inner retina is associated with visual dysfunction in Lewy body diseases.","volume":"34","author":"Murueta-Goyena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191830","article-title":"Flash electroretinography parameters and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"11","author":"Netser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02307822","article-title":"Functional neuroarchitecture of the retina: hypothesis on the dysfunction of retinal dopaminergic circuitry in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen-Legros","year":"1988","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0346-z","article-title":"The retina as an early biomarker of neurodegeneration in a rotenone-induced model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence for a neuroprotective effect of rosiglitazone in the eye and brain.","volume":"4","author":"Normando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218826","article-title":"Retinal texture biomarkers may help to discriminate between Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, and healthy controls.","volume":"14","author":"Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.05.016","article-title":"Early stage vision in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.","volume":"86","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(86)90148-6","article-title":"Dose related effects of 6-OHDA on rabbit retinal dopamine concentrations and ERG B-wave amplitudes.","volume":"16","author":"Olivier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.025","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: clues to separate origins.","volume":"248","author":"Onofrj","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.7.12.1731","article-title":"New approaches to understanding hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: phenomenology and possible origins.","volume":"7","author":"Onofrj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200085","article-title":"Incidence of RBD and hallucination in patients affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease: 8-year follow-up.","author":"Onofrj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25897","article-title":"Dopaminergic retinal cell loss and visual dysfunction in parkinson disease.","volume":"88","author":"Ortu\u00f1o-Lizar\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27392","article-title":"Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the retina is a biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology severity.","volume":"33","author":"Ortuno-Lizaran","year":"","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0596-z","article-title":"Degeneration of human photosensitive retinal ganglion cells may explain sleep and circadian rhythms disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Ortuno-Lizaran","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25897","article-title":"Dopaminergic retinal cell loss and visual dysfunction in parkinson disease.","volume":"88","author":"Ortuno-Lizaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.17116\/oftalma201813404141","article-title":"[Endothelins and dopamine levels in tears for assessment of neurovascular disorders in glaucoma].","volume":"134","author":"Pavlenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vestn. Oftalmol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5385-1","article-title":"Influence of obstacle color on locomotor and gaze behaviors during obstacle avoidance in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"236","author":"Penedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20020","article-title":"In vivo morphology of the optic nerve and retina in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"57","author":"Pilat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188506","article-title":"Anterior chamber associated immune deviation used as a neuroprotective strategy in rats with spinal cord injury.","volume":"12","author":"Pineda-Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-020-02224-9","article-title":"The intrinsically restructured fovea is correlated with contrast sensitivity loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"127","author":"Pinkhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009658","article-title":"Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: an observational cross-sectional study.","volume":"6","author":"Polo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-014-0906-2","article-title":"Role of dopamine in distal retina.","volume":"200","author":"Popova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens Neural. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp244","article-title":"Markers of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"132","author":"Postuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.42.4.887","article-title":"Abnormalities in color vision and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"42","author":"Price","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182574ade","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity, blink rate, and corneal nerve density in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson disease.","volume":"32","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.7.673","article-title":"Visual fatigue and visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"47","author":"Regan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.006","article-title":"Impaired contrast sensitivity is associated with more severe cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease.","volume":"34","author":"Ridder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.5730","article-title":"Characterization of Retinal Microvascular and Choroidal Structural Changes in Parkinson Disease.","volume":"139","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.031","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms burden, mood, and gait problems are the most significant factors contributing to a poor quality of life in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: Results from the COPPADIS Study Cohort.","volume":"66","author":"Santos Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20460","article-title":"Evaluation of progressive visual dysfunction and retinal degeneration in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"58","author":"Satue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16094","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4132-11.2011","article-title":"Melanopsin-positive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: from form to function.","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8298503","article-title":"Ophthalmologic baseline characteristics and 2-year ophthalmologic safety profile of pramipexole ir compared with ropinirole ir in patients with early Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"2016","author":"Seiple","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002641","article-title":"Characterization by fractal dimension analysis of the retinal capillary network in parkinson disease.","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/728457","article-title":"Interocular asymmetry of foveal thickness in Parkinson disease.","volume":"2012","author":"Shrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh581","article-title":"Independent patterns of damage within magno-, parvo- and koniocellular pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"128","author":"Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000141853.27081.bd","article-title":"Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: an fMRI study.","volume":"63","author":"Stebbins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1930-2","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor.","volume":"36","author":"Stenc Bradvica","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1224","article-title":"Ocular immune privilege: therapeutic opportunities from an experiment of nature.","volume":"3","author":"Streilein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.18.001864","article-title":"In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography.","volume":"18","author":"Swanson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"767","article-title":"[Effects of MPTP on the mouse retina].","volume":"96","author":"Takatsuna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.04.025","article-title":"Tear film tests in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients.","volume":"112","author":"Tamer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.01.006","article-title":"ACAID as.","volume":"88","author":"Toscano-Tejeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191565.11065.11","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Parkinson disease without dementia.","volume":"65","author":"Uc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23240","article-title":"Outer retinal assessment using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"59","author":"Uchida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002082","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease and incident parkinsonism. The RUN DMC study.","volume":"85","author":"van der Holst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.06.003","article-title":"Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina.","volume":"51","author":"Vecino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5192","article-title":"Timed light therapy for sleep and daytime sleepiness associated with parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"74","author":"Videnovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77833-1","article-title":"Visual hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease are associated with thinning of the inner retina.","volume":"10","author":"Visser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww175","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"139","author":"Weil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.124677","article-title":"Using the presence of visual hallucinations to differentiate Parkinson\u2019s disease from atypical parkinsonism.","volume":"79","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.11.030","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of dopamine replacement therapy and its psychiatric side effects are mediated by pineal function.","volume":"160","author":"Willis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.03.083","article-title":"Intraocular microinjections repair experimental Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"1217","author":"Willis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00324","article-title":"Neurochemical systems of the retina involved in the control of movement.","volume":"8","author":"Willis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03921","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease, lights and melanocytes: looking beyond the retina.","volume":"4","author":"Willis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.04.049","article-title":"Ophthalmic imaging by spectral optical coherence tomography.","volume":"138","author":"Wojtkowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(85)90073-9","article-title":"Responses of the pigmented rabbit retina to NMPTP, a chemical inducer of parkinsonism.","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06253-5","article-title":"Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.","volume":"358","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221051","article-title":"Improved detection of prostate cancer using a magneto-nanosensor assay for serum circulating autoantibodies.","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700520","article-title":"The effect of levodopa and dopamine agonists on optic nerve head in Parkinson disease.","volume":"17","author":"Yavas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.07.018","article-title":"Visual field analysis in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"14","author":"Yenice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000145","article-title":"Inhibition of dopamine signaling suppresses cGMP accumulation in rd1 retinal organ cultures.","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12660","article-title":"Changes in retina and choroid after haemodialysis assessed using optical coherence tomography angiography.","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25389","article-title":"Risk factors for hallucinations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: results from a large prospective cohort study.","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.799526\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T06:08:52Z","timestamp":1643954932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.799526\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"references-count":160,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2021.799526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.799526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"article-number":"799526"}}