{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:07:14Z","timestamp":1790888834350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005094","name":"American Academy of Audiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some noise exposures resulting in temporary threshold shift (TTS) result in cochlear synaptopathy. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate a human population that might be at risk for noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy (i.e., \u201chidden hearing loss\u201d). Participants were firearm users who were (1) at-risk for prior audiometric noise-induced threshold shifts, given their history of firearm use, (2) likely to have experienced complete threshold recovery if any prior TTS had occurred, based on this study\u2019s normal-hearing inclusion criteria, and (3) not at-risk for significant age-related synaptopathic loss, based on this study\u2019s young-adult inclusion criteria. 70 participants (age 18\u201325 yr) were enrolled, including 33 firearm users experimental (EXP), and 37 non-firearm users control (CNTRL). All participants were required to exhibit audiometric thresholds \u226420 dB HL bilaterally, from 0.25 to 8 kHz. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that EXP participants would exhibit a reduced cochlear nerve response compared to CNTRL participants, despite normal-hearing sensitivity in both groups. No statistically significant group differences in auditory performance were detected between the CNTRL and EXP participants on standard audiom to etry, extended high-frequency audiometry, Words-in-Noise performance, distortion product otoacoustic emission, middle ear muscle reflex, or auditory brainstem response. Importantly, 91% of EXP participants reported that they wore hearing protection either \u201call the time\u201d or \u201calmost all the time\u201d while using firearms. The data suggest that consistent use of hearing protection during firearm use can effectively protect cochlear and neural measures of auditory function, including suprathreshold responses. The current results do not exclude the possibility that neural pathology may be evident in firearm users with less consistent hearing protection use. However, firearm users with less consistent hearing protection use are also more likely to exhibit threshold elevation, among other cochlear deficits, thereby confounding the isolation of any potentially selective neural deficits. Taken together, it seems most likely that firearm users who consistently and correctly use hearing protection will exhibit preserved measures of cochlear and neural function, while firearm users who inconsistently and incorrectly use hearing protection are most likely to exhibit cochlear injury, rather than evidence of selective neural injury in the absence of cochlear injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1005148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T13:15:21Z","timestamp":1666790121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of hidden hearing loss in normal-hearing firearm users"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Grinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen G.","family":"Le Prell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.07.027","article-title":"Small arms fire-like noise: Effects on hearing loss, gap detection and the influence of preventive treatment.","volume":"407","author":"Altschuler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2021.03.015","article-title":"The possibility of cochlear synaptopathy in young people using a personal listening device.","volume":"48","author":"Bal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"The NOISE database and other electronic and web-based tools for researchers and educators","author":"Beach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Inter-Noise and Noise-Con Congress"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27958","article-title":"Epidemiology and gender differences in pediatric recreational and firearms noise exposure in the USA.","volume":"130","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.02.016","article-title":"The search for noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in humans: Mission impossible?","volume":"377","author":"Bramhall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. 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