{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:18:04Z","timestamp":1790309884252,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>People living in highland areas may have factors that allow them to adapt to chronic hypoxia, but these physiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the brain mechanism in a cohort of adult residents of Tibet, a well-known plateau section in China, by observing differences in brain structure and function in non-plateau populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 27 Tibetan and 27 non-plateau region residents who were matched in age, sex, and education. All participants underwent high-resolution three-dimensional T1 weighted imaging (3D-T1WI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans on a 1.5 Tesla MR. Gray matter volumes and regional spontaneous neuronal activity (SNA) were calculated and compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When comparing gray matter in people living in high altitudes to those living in the flatlands, the results showed positive activation of gray matter in local brain regions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected), in the right postcentral [automated atomic labeling (aal)], left postcentral (aal), and right lingual (aal) regions. Comparing the people of high altitude vs. flat land in the brain function study (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05, FDR corrected), positive activation was found in the right superior motor area (aal) and left superior frontal (aal), and negative activation was found in the right precuneus (aal).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In high-altitude individuals, larger regional gray matter volumes and higher SNA may represent a compensatory mechanism to adapt to chronic hypoxia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1035308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T12:19:15Z","timestamp":1669292355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Structure and activity alteration in adult highland residents' cerebrum: Voxel-based morphometry and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Minzhi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiesheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuguang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2019.27.171-176","article-title":"Gender and hemispheric differences in epilepsy diagnosed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method: a pilot cortical thickness study","volume":"27","author":"Bashir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Inform. Med."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"481","article-title":"Children's exercise capacity at high altitude in Tibet","volume":"6","author":"Bianba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26116-y","article-title":"Exposure to 16h of normobaric hypoxia induces ionic edema in the healthy brain","volume":"12","author":"Biller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101343","article-title":"Hypoxia and brain aging: neurodegeneration or neuroprotection?","volume":"68","author":"Burtscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00988-w","article-title":"Hippocampal neurons respond to brain activity with functional hypoxia","volume":"26","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-8034.2014.03.012","article-title":"VBM-MRI study of gray matter changes in chronic altitude patients","volume":"5","author":"Caixia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00512","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.512","article-title":"Long-term acclimatization to high-altitude hypoxia modifies interhemispheric functional and structural connectivity in the adult brain","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2020.04.007","article-title":"Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030260","article-title":"Hypoxia\/HIF modulates immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1000-5404.2006.09.038","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance study on Brodmann areas 17, 18 and 19 of the patients with anisometropic amblyopia","volume":"28","author":"Chuanming","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Third Mil. Med. Uni."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2012.06.012","article-title":"Ocular phototoxicity and altitude among mountain guide","volume":"35","author":"El Chehab","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Latest Med. Inf. Dig."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.13452\/j.cnki.jqmc.2021.03.008","article-title":"High altitude hypoxia and brain tissue structure and function damage","volume":"3","author":"Guoen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hight Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.13452\/j.cnki.jqmc.2021.03.011","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia at high altitude on retinal neovascularization","volume":"42","author":"Haoyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plateau Med. Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717550","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.717550","article-title":"Gestational hypoxia and blood-brain barrier permeability:early origins of cerebrovascular dysfunction induced by epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.101052","article-title":"Altitude acclimatization, hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, and circulatory oxygen transport in hypoxia","volume":"84","author":"Jay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.14164\/j.cnki.cn11-5581\/r.2019.04.010","article-title":"Risk factors and characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in high altitude area","volume":"13","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Drug Appl"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(95)00079-Q","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and vulnerability of the devel oping brain","volume":"17","author":"Johnston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416200756","article-title":"Brodmann areas 17, 18, and 19 in the human brain: an overview","volume":"69","author":"Kawachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00198","article-title":"Auditory and visual systems organization in Brodmann Area 8 for gaze-shift control: where we do not see, we can hear","volume":"7","author":"Lanzilotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0227-y","article-title":"Cellular adaptation to hypoxia through hypoxia inducible factors and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13754","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in stem cell regulation of the central nervous system: from embryonic development to adult proliferation","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3760\/j:issn:1001-0939.2006.12.012","article-title":"Characteristics of severe acute altitude sickness among Tibetan residents living on the hight altitude","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tuberc. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14163\/j.cnki.11-5547\/r.2020.29.019","article-title":"Analysis of 515 cases of ophthalmic diseases in highland immigrants","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Pract. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-3809.2012.02.005","article-title":"Study on thes correlation between leukoaraiosis and hemoglobin in high altitude area","volume":"2","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hight Alt. Med. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.09.010","article-title":"Gestational hypoxia and epigenetic programming of brain development disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121527","article-title":"Evolved mechanisms of aerobic performance and hypoxia resistance in high-altitude natives","volume":"81","author":"McClelland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.01.009","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in schizophrenia-can white matter changes be reliably detected with VBM?","volume":"193","author":"Melonakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00212","article-title":"Editorial: neuroprotection in brain hypoxia","volume":"13","author":"Otero-Losada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.02.001","article-title":"Neurophysiological evidence for cognitive and brain functional adaptation in adolescents living at high altitude Clinical","volume":"122","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.13389\/j.cnki.rao.2013.05.010","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia on expression of angiogenin-1 and angiogenin-2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Runjia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.07.006","article-title":"Systemic hypoxia differentially affects neurogenesis during early mouse brain maturation","volume":"34","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2012.11.017","article-title":"Analysis of clinical characteristics and gene mutation of patients with polycythemia in hight altitude Tibetans","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hematol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085073","article-title":"Oxygen transport adaptations to exercise in native highland populations","volume":"100","author":"Tatum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24078","article-title":"BrainMap VBM: an environment for structural meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Vanasse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416200751","article-title":"Brodmann AREAS 8 AND 9 including the frontal eye field","volume":"69","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2006.7.193","article-title":"High altitude adaptation in Tibetans","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"High Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00061","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and pulsatility responses to oxygen inhalation at high altitude: highlanders vs. lowlanders","volume":"10","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","article-title":"DPABI: data processing and analysis for (resting-state) brain imaging","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-266X.2017.38.030","article-title":"Adaptive changes in the brain of low-altitude normal adults after 2 years of migration to high-altitude areas","volume":"57","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shandong Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.27740\/d.cnki.gqhdx.2021.000335","article-title":"Comparison of cognitive function and white matter lesions among Tibetan and Han middle-aged and elderly people in middle and high altitude areas","author":"Yonglan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qinghai Univ"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.13929\/j.1003-3289.201804134","article-title":"fMRI study of functional connectivity of the posterior central gyrus before and after decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0166","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2021.0166","article-title":"Preliminary intermittent hypoxia training alleviates the damage of sustained normobaric hypoxia on human hematological indexes and cerebral white matter","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"High Alt. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr088","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity of the medial superior frontal cortex","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112142-20210201-00062","article-title":"Focus on central visual impairment","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1035308\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T12:19:33Z","timestamp":1669292373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1035308\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnins.2022.1035308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.1035308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-453X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-453X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"article-number":"1035308"}}