{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:34:37Z","timestamp":1788068077929,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age is a leading contributor to the liver fibrosis rate and a gradual deterioration of optical function, but this association in older populations is still under-explored. The present study aimed to explore the link between vascular and neural retinal characteristics and the risk of liver fibrosis in 731 older adults from the population-based Salus in Apulia study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinal features were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A). Liver fibrosis risk was taken as the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score. Generalized linear models (logistic regression) were used to estimate the association effect between each unit increase of OCT and OCT-A parameters as independent variables and a FIB-4 \u2265 2.67 score as an outcome. Generalized additive models were used to assess the non-linear association between OCT-A features and the linear FIB-4 score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased gangliar cell complex (GCC) thickness was inversely associated with a FIB-4 score above the cut-off in both the raw model (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96\u20130.99; SE: 0.01) and after adjustment for age, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, and triglycerides (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97\u20130.99; SE: 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings add to the growing volume of scientific literature demonstrating that liver fibrosis is associated with retinal neurodegeneration. This study raises a number of new questions, including whether OCT-A may be used to track the progression of metabolic abnormalities and define exact thresholds for predicting and classifying liver disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1048375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T08:53:09Z","timestamp":1671094389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Liver fibrosis and retinal features in an older Mediterranean population: Results from the Salus in Apulia study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Lampignano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Niro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Castellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Bortone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Zupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Tatoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Griseta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Sila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Pergola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Boscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Sborgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Eye Clinic Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Sardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.07.013","article-title":"Retinal microvascular signs as screening and prognostic factors for cardiac disease: a systematic review of current evidence.","volume":"134","author":"Allon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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