{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:06:19Z","timestamp":1753891579407,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MRI is currently used for stratifying the lesion activity of multiple sclerosis (MS) despite limited correlation with disability and disease activity. The stratification of MS lesion activity needs further improvement to better support clinics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate if the novel proton exchange rate (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) MRI combined with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) may help to further stratify non-enhanced (Gd-negative) MS lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From December 2017 to December 2020, clinically diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS patients who underwent MRI were consecutively enrolled in this IRB-approved retrospective study. The customized MRI protocol covered conventional T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-weighted, T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-fluid-attenuated-inversion-recovery, pre- and post-contrast T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-weighted imaging, and quantitative sequences, including <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> MRI based on direct-saturation removed omega plots and QSM. Each MS lesion was evaluated based on its Gd-enhancement as well as its susceptibility and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> elevation compared to the normal appearing white matter. The difference and correlation concerning lesion characteristics and imaging contrasts were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test or Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, and Spearman rank analysis with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 322 MS lesions from 30 patients were identified with 153 Gd-enhanced and 169 non-enhanced lesions. We found that the <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> elevation of all lesions significantly correlated with their susceptibility elevation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.30, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Within the 153 MS lesions with Gd-enhancement, ring-enhanced lesions showed higher <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> elevation than the nodular-enhanced ones\u2019 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Similarly, lesions with ring-hyperintensity in QSM also had higher <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> elevation than the lesions with nodular-QSM-hyperintensity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Of the 169 Gd-negative lesions, three radiological patterns were recognized according to lesion manifestations on the <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> map and QSM images: Pattern I (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and QSM<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 114, 67.5%), Pattern II (only <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> or QSM<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 47, 27.8%) and Pattern III (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> and QSM<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8, 4.7%). Compared to Pattern II and III, Pattern I had higher <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and susceptibility (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) elevation. The percentage of Pattern I of each subject was negatively correlated with the disease duration (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u20130.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a potential imaging biomarker for inflammation due to oxidative stress, <jats:italic>in vivo k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ex<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> MRI combined with QSM is promising in extending the clinical classification of MS lesions beyond conventional Gd-enhanced MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1105376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T06:00:52Z","timestamp":1673416852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combining in vivo proton exchange rate (kex) MRI with quantitative susceptibility mapping to further stratify the gadolinium-negative multiple sclerosis lesions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huiting","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zimeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"QianLan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Shaghaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kejia","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23959","article-title":"Seven-tesla phase imaging of acute multiple sclerosis lesions: A new window into the inflammatory process.","volume":"74","author":"Absinta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. 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